Department of Physiology

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Acetonic extract of Vernonia amygdalina (Del.) attenuates Cd-induced liver injury: Potential application in adjuvant heavy metal therapy
(elseviier, 2018-02-27) Ogundipe, Oluwadare
Exposure to cadmium (Cd), even at low doses, is of serious health concern because it does not undergo metabolic degradation to less toxic metabolite. Liver injury/disease, with a world-wide increasing incidence, is one of the consequences of exposure to Cd toxicity. This study aimed at determining the effects of acetonic extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaf (AEVAL) in a Wistar rat model of Cd-induced liver injury. Phytochemical screening of the extract was carried out and its oral LD50 was determined to guide the choice of therapeutic doses. Thereafter, thirty male Wistar rats were recruited for this study. The experimental groups received 4 weeks oral graded doses of the extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) following Cd-induced liver injury. Cd-induced liver injury (5 mg/ kg i.p for 5 consecutive days) was characterized by deleterious alterations in the levels of AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin and hepatic total protein (p ˂ 0.05). Also, deleterious alteration of oxidative stress indicators (GSH, SOD and CAT) and lipid peroxidation index (TBARS) was observed in the liver homogenates. Histopathological ex amination showed evidence of degenerated hepatocytes as well as inflammation with disseminated steatosis. These conditions were significantly attenuated (p ˂ 0.05) following treatment with graded doses of the extract, with the highest dose expressing least therapeutic effects. This study concluded that AEVAL attenuated Cd induced liver injury and is, potentially, a suitable option in adjuvant therapy for heavy metal toxicity
African Vegetables (Clerodendrum volibile Leaf and Irvingia gabonensis Seed Extracts) Effectively Mitigate Trastuzumab Induced Cardiotoxicity in Wistar Rats
(Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020-10-15) Akinsola Akinyele O
Trastuzumab (TZM) is a humanized monoclonal antibody that has been approved for the clinical management of HER2-positive metastatic breast and gastric cancers but its use is limited by its cumulative dose and off-target cardiotoxicity. Unfortunately, till date, there is no approved antidote to this off-target toxicity. Therefore, an acute study was designed at investigating the protective potential and mechanism(s) of CVE and IGE in TZM-induced cardiotoxicity utilizing cardiac enzyme and oxidative stress markers and histopathological endpoints. 400mg/kg/day CVE and IGE dissolved in 5% DMSO in sterile water were investigated in Wistar rats injected with 2.25mg/kg/day/i.p. route of TZM for 7 days, using serum cTnI and LDH, complete lipid profile, cardiac tissue oxidative stress markers assays, and histopathological examination of TZM-intoxicated heart tissue. Results showed that 400mg/kg/day CVE and IGE profoundly attenuated increases in the serum cTnI and LDH levels but caused no significant alterations in the serum lipids and weight gain pattern in the treated rats. CVE and IGE profoundly attenuated alterations in the cardiac tissue oxidative stress markers’ activities while improving TZM-associated cardiac histological lesions. These results suggest that CVE and IGE could be mediating its cardioprotection via antioxidant, free radical scavenging, and antithrombotic mechanisms, thus, highlighting the therapeutic potentials of CVE and IGE in the management of TZM-mediated cardiotoxicity.
Ameliorative Potential of Clerodendrum volubile Ethanol Leaf Extract on Doxorubicin-Induced Hepatorenal Toxicities in Rats
(Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Medicines, 2021-07-09) Akinsola Akinyele O
Background and Purpose: Hepatorenal toxicity is a side effect of the anthracycline cytotoxic antibiotics, doxorubicin that is used in cancer treatment. The study investigated the ameliorative potential of Clerodendrum volubile ethanol leaf extract (CVE) on doxorubicin (DOX)-induced hepatorenal toxicities. Methods: Male Wistar rats were pretreated with Clerodendrum volubile ethanol leaf extract (50 - 400 mg/kg/day, p.o) followed by intraperitoneal injection of 2.5 mg/kg of DOX on alternate days for 14 days. Hepatorenal toxicity was assessed using renal function parameters (serum electrolytes, blood urea and creatinine), hepatic function endpoints [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB) and total bilirubin (TB)]. In addition, the antioxidant activity in the kidney and liver tissues were assayed and histological studies of these tissues were also conducted. Results: Oral pretreatment with 50 mg/kg/day, 100 mg/kg/day, 200 mg/kg/day and 400 mg/kg/day of CVE remarkably ameliorated DOX-induced liver and kidney injury by lowering the serum ALT, AST, ALP, Cr and BUN levels. CVE pretreatment remarkably ameliorated DOX-induced increases in the CAT, SOD and GPx activities and MDA levels compared to the DOX-treated rats. The biochemical changes were corroborated by improvements in the DOX-induced histological lesions seen in the hepatic and renal tissues examined. Conclusions: Overall, these findings suggest that Clerodendrum volubile ethanol leaf extract elicits protective effect against DOX-induced hepatorenal toxicities mediated primarily via oxidative stress suppression and improvement in the free radicals scavenging activities of CVE.
Anti-apoptotic and antioxidant mechanisms may underlie the abrogative potential of Ocimum gratissimum Linn. Leaf extract and fractions against trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats
(Toxicology Reports, 2024-01-15) Akinsola Akinyele O
Clinical use of trastuzumab (TZM), has been widely associated with increased incidence of cardiotoxicity. Ocimum gratissimum Linn. is a household medicinal plant popularly used for treating inflammatory conditions. In this study, we investigated the abrogative potential of 100 mg/kg/day of the ethanol leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum Linn. (OG) and its petroleum ether (PEOG), ethyl acetate (EAOG) and ethanol (EOG) fractions in TZM intoxicated Wistar rats for 7 days using anthropometric, biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical endpoints. In addition, secondary metabolite constituents in OG and its fractions were determined through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The study results showed that oral pretreatments with OG and OG fractions as well as the fixed dose valsartan-lisinopril (VAL-LSP) combination effectively ameliorated and restore nearly normal levels the TZM-altered plasma cardiac troponin I and antioxidant profile which were corroborated by histopathological and immunohistochemical findings as indicated by the inhibition of TZM-induced activation of caspases-3 and − 9 and profound upregulation of BCL-2 expression. Phytoscan of OG and its fractions showed the presence of thymol and in high amount. Overall, our findings revealed the cardioprotective potentials of OG, OG fractions and fixed dose VAL-LSP combination against TZM-induced
Aqueous and Methanolic Extract of Ocimum Gratissimum (Linn.) Leaf Reversibly Normalizes the Antioxidant Activities of Rats with Gentamicin Induced Liver Injury
(2019-09-03) Ogundipe, Oluwadare
Objective: the objective of the work is to investigate the ameliorative effect of aqueous and methanolic extract of ocimum gratissimum (linn) on gentamicin-induced liver injury. Forty five adult male Wistar rats were used for this study. They were divided into 5 groups as follows: Group 1 (the control) (n = 5) received distilled water daily by oral route for the whole period of the study. Group 2 (the toxic control) (n = 10) received 100 mg/kg/day of gentamicin i.p. for a week. Groups 3, 4, and 5 (n = 5) were pre-treated with gentamicin as the Group 2 rats, after which they received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day each of AOGL p.o., Groups 6, 7, and 8 (n = 5) were pre-treated with gentamicin as the Group 2 rats, after which they received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day each of MOGL p.o., respectively, for 14 days. Markers of liver function such as ALT, AST, ALP, Total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin and total protein were determined in the plasma. Oxidative stress markers such as TBARS and GSH were assayed in the tissue homogenate. Gentamicin treatment induced significant (p < 0.05) increases in ALT, AST, ALP, Total bilirubin and total protein and TBARS in the toxic control when compared to the control group. Significant decreases (p < 0.05) in GSH was also associated with gentamicin administration. Post-treatment with AOGL caused significant increases in and GSH, and significant (p < 0.05) decreases in ALT, AST, ALP, Total bilirubin and total protein in the treated groups when compared with the toxic control group. The results of this study indicated that AOGL ameliorated the liver injury caused by gentamicin in rats. Hence, the extracts have the potential of being used for the management of gentamicin-induced liver injury.
Assessment of Hygiene Practices among Eateries in Amai Community: A Mixed Intervention Study
(International Journal of Caring Sciences, 2023) Akinsola Akinyele O
Background: There is an observable increase in food-borne diseases, food poisoning among the rural dwellers in the study setting which is perceived to be due to consumption of poorly handled food. This was a strong justification for this study. Objective: This study aimed at assessing the environmental and storage system for unprocessed and processed food amongst identified eateries and to implement interventions based on observed wrong practices. Methodology: This study adopted a mixed descriptive cross-sectional intervention study (a questionnaire, observational check list and Key Informant Interviews for data collection among 38 respondents). The items in the checklist were adapted from World Health Organization standard for assessing food vendors and premises. The quantitative data collected was coded and analyzed using SPSS version 20 while qualitative data was transcribed verbatim with themes and sub-themes. Results: At pre-intervention phase, apron use was 15 (39.5%) with 3 (7.9%) consistency; chef caps usage was 14 (36.8%) with 8 (21.1%) consistency but there was no observable use of facemasks. Twenty-three (60.0%) reported Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) burden. At the post-intervention phase, apron use was 37 (97.4%) with 35 (92.1%) consistency; chef cap use was 28 (73.7%) with 26 (68.4%) consistency; facemask use was 33 (86.8%) with 19 (50.0%) consistency. By implication, 36.8% wear it under the chin, and 13.2% still feel uncomfortable using it. Conclusion: Interventions can influence the practice of good food handling practice among food handlers and consistency in the use of PPE to prevent food contamination via droplets.
Cerebellar Cortex and the Behaviour of Mice (Mus Musculus) Following the Administration of Palm Wine
(2020-08-07) Ogundipe, Oluwadare
Abstract: Aim:-To investigates the histomorphological studies of the cerebellar cortex and the behaviour of mice after palm wine administration. Material and Method:- 40 adult mice (25-30g) were grouped into (A, B, C and D) comprised of 10 mice each. They were kept in plastic cages and fed with feed and water ad libitum. Group A (control group) received distilled water, group B ,C and D received 14.3ml/kg daily palm wine,14.3ml/kg palm wine every other day and 14.3ml/kg 50% diluted palm wine every other day respectively, orally for four weeks. They were weighted using weighing balance, the neurobehavioral evaluation was performed using the open field maze and the health status was appraised by the rectal temperature. After the last dose of administration, the animals were anaesthetized; the cerebellum was excised, weighed and fixed in 10% formal saline for H&E, Cresyl fast violet and bieschowsky silver stain techniques. Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA at p<0.05 followed by a posthoc test, results were expressed as mean S.E.M. Results;- decrease in the rectal temperature of the entire treated group when compared to the control group, relative weight of the cerebellum was higher in the treated group compared to control, neurobehavioral observations (motor parameters) showed difference between treated mice compared to control. Histological observations showed vacuolation and slight degeneration of Purkinje neuron cell bodies except in group D animals. Conclusion:- The study showed that palm wine intake on regular basis may affect the histoarchitecture of the cerebellum, neurobehavioural activities such as locomotion and balancing
Changes in Antioxidants Status, Atherogenic Index and Cardiovascular Variables after Prolonged Doses of D-ribose-L-cysteine in Male Wistar Rats Abodunrin
(Elsevier, 2021-02-10) Ojetola, Abodunrin
D-ribose-L-cysteine (DRLC) acts as a rate limiting substrate for the synthesis of glutathione (GSH). GSH deficiency has been linked to oxidative stress, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. There are limited findings on the effects of DRLC in the physiologic state. This study was therefore designed to investigate cardiovascular effects of different doses of DRLC in normal Wistar rats. Fifteen male Wistar rats were assigned into 3 groups (n ¼ 5). Group 1 was administered orally with 10 mg/kg distilled water (Control). Groups 2 and 3 were administered orally with DRLC 125 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg respectively daily for 8 weeks, respectively. Animals were weighed; blood pressure and heart rate measured using rat tail cuff method. They were euthanized, blood collected and organs harvested. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) was determined through ELISA. Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), heart GSH, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total thiol and lipid profile and were assessed through spectrophotometry. Data were expressed as mean ? SEM and compared by ANOVA at P < 0.05. DRLC 250 significantly increased total thiol, GSH and GPx in heart tissues but decreased GGT, atherogenic index and CRP in normal male Wistar rats compared to DRLC 125 and control. DRLC supplementation in normal male Wistar rats may sustain cardio functions and decrease atherogenicity.
Chemotherapeutic Interaction of Vernonia Amygdalina (Delile) Leaf Extract with Artesunate and Amodiaquine in Murine Malaria Model
(Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 2020-03-27) Osirim, Esthinsheen
Aim of the Study: Conventional antimalarial drugs are used concurrently with herbal remedies in malarial endemic developing countries. Vernonia amygdalina is one of such popular herbs used in the treatment of malaria. This study aimed at investigating the antimalarial chemotherapeutic interaction of Vernonia amygdalina (VA) when combined with Amodiaquine (AQ) and/or Artesunate (AS) in a murine Plasmodium berghei malaria model. Methodology: Various doses of aqueous VA leaf extract (100-500 mg/kg/day), AQ (2-10 mg/kg/day) and AS (0.8-4 mg/kg/day) were administered orally to P berghei.-infected Swiss albino mice to determine their sub-therapeutic doses. These doses were subsequently used to investigate the chemotherapeutic interactions of VA with AQ and/or AS in both early and established malaria infection test models. The survival of animals with established infections that received different drug/herb treatments were determined using their mean survival time (days) and Kaplan-Meier survival curves (percentage). Using GraphPad Instat (version 3.10) and PrismR (version 5.01) the data obtained were subjected to One-way ANOVA, followed by Student-Newman-Keuls test. P < .05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The sub-therapeutic doses of VA, AQ and AS were found to be 100 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg and 2.4 mg/kg, respectively. The chemosuppressive effect of AQ or AS was significantly increased (p< 0.05) when administered in combination with the VA extract. Similarly, combination of VA extract with AQ or AS resulted in significant (P < .05) parasite clearance when compared to the effects of the herb or the conventional drugs administered separately. The mean survival period of animals with established infection was also significantly enhanced by the VA alone or with AQ (or AS) compared to placebo.
Clerodendrum volubile Ethanol Leaf Extract: A Potential Antidote to Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats
(Journal of Toxicology, 2020-07-04) Akinsola Akinyele O
Doxorubicin is widely applied in hematological and solid tumor treatment but limited by its off-target cardiotoxicity. us, cardioprotective potential and mechanism(s) of CVE in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity were investigated using cardiac and ox idative stress markers and histopathological endpoints. 50–400mg/kg/day CVE in 5% DMSO in distilled water were investigated in Wistar rats intraperitoneally injected with 2.5mg/kg DOX on alternate days for 14days, using serum troponin I and LDH, complete lipid profile, cardiac tissue oxidative stress marker assays, and histopathological examination of DOX-treated cardiac tissue. Preliminary qualitative and quantitative assays of CVE’s secondary metabolites were also conducted. Phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of flavonoids (34.79±0.37mg/100mg dry extract), alkaloids (36.73±0.27mg/100mg dry extract), reducing sugars (07.78±0.09mg/100mg dryextract), and cardiac glycosides (24.55±0.12mg/100mg dry extract). 50–400mg/kg/ day CVEsignificantly attenuated increases in the serum LDH and troponin I levels. Similarly, the CVE dose unrelatedly decreased serum TG and VLDL-c levels without significant alterations in the serum TC, HDL-c, and LDL-c levels. Also, CVE profoundly attenuated alterations in the cardiac tissue oxidative stress markers’ activities while improving DOX-associated cardiac histo logical lesions that were possibly mediated via free radical scavenging and/or antioxidant mechanisms. Overall, CVE may play a significant therapeutic role in the management of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in humans.
Coffe and Parkinson disease
(Progress in Brain Research, Elsevier, 2024) Fajemidagba Grace Ayobami
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease marked by dopaminergic neuronal loss and misfolded alpha-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation, which results in both motor and cognitive symptoms. Its occurrence grows with age, with a larger prevalence among males. Despite substantial study, effective medicines to reduce or stop the progression of diseases remain elusive. Interest has grown in examining dietary components, such as caffeine present in coffee, for potential medicinal effects. Epidemiological studies imply a lower incidence of PD with coffee drinking, attributable to caffeine's neuroprotective abilities. Beyond caffeine, coffee constituent like chlorogenic acid and cafestol have anti-Parkinsonian benefits. Moreover, coffee use has been related with variations in gut microbiota composition, which may reduce intestinal inflammation and prevent protein misfolding in enteric nerves, perhaps through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. This review gives a summary of the neuroprotective effects of coffee, investigating both its motor and non-motor advantages in individuals with PD as well as in experimental models of PD. We reviewed some bioactive constituents of coffee, their respective interactions with misfolded α-syn accumulation, and its emerging mechanisms associated to the gut microbiome.
Comparative Effect of Fluoxetine and Imipramine on Social Defeat Stress Model of Depression in Mice
(Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 2025-06-01) Akinsola Akinyele O
Fluoxetine and imipramine are antidepressant drugs used in the management of depression. This study aimed to evaluate the comparative effect of fluoxetine and imipramine on social defeat stress (SDS)-induced depression in mice. Twenty-eight mice were divided into four groups as follows: 1 - Control (distilled water), 2 - untreated SDS, 3 - SDS + fluoxetine (10 mg/kg), and 4 - SDS + imipramine (10 mg/kg). Fluoxetine and imipramine were administered orally once daily for 14 days. At the end of treatment period, behavioural tests, including tail suspension test (TST), forced swim test (FST), sucrose splash test (SST), and social interaction test (SIT) were conducted, after which the animals were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. Mice brain were harvested for immune-histochemical and histological analysis. Results showed that fluoxetine decreased immobility time significantly (p < 0.05) in the TST and FST compared to imipramine, while in SST, imipramine increased sucrose preference significantly (p < 0.05) compared to fluoxetine. Both drugs boosted antioxidant levels in SDS mice, but fluoxetine had a better effect on catalase than imipramine. Both drugs increased levels of corticosterone and norepinephrine to similar extent in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Fluoxetine significantly (p < 0.05) increased serotonin levels compared to imipramine. Both drugs significantly increased neuronal density to similar extent in the medial PFC, hippocampus, and adrenal gland of SDS mice compared to the untreated SDS mice. This study has revealed that fluoxetine had a better antidepressant effect than imipramine as shown in the behavioural models.
D-Ribose-L-Cysteine Prevents Oxidative Stress and Cardiometabolic Syndrome in High Fructose High Fat Diet Fed Rats
(Elsevier, 2021-08-13) Ojetola, Abodunrin
Cardiometabolic syndrome has been linked with dietary modification. Therefore, we investigated the effects of D-ribose-L-cysteine (DRLC) in rats fed with high fructose high fat (HFHF) diet. Twenty rats (n = 5), divided into 4 groups were concurrently exposed to HFHF and/or DRLC (250 mg/kg, p.o) during the 8 weeks study. The result showed that compared to control group, HFHF group had significant impairment in lipid and glucose homeo- stasis, increased cardiac xanthine oxidase, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, %body weight change and fluid intake. Also, there were significant reductions in HDL-C, cardiac (GPX, NO&GGT), feed intake and relative heart weight in the latter, relative to the former. However, there were no significant differences in most of the observed physical and biochemical changes in HFHF + DRLC group compared to control. DRLC alone did not disrupt the level of biomarkers. Conclusively, DRLC prevented the manifestation of oxidative stress and cardiometabolic syndrome in HFHF-diet fed rats.
Effect of lauric acid on cognitive impairement in scopolamine -induced Alzheimer's disese-like rat model
(Nutritional Neuroscience, 2025) Fajemidagba Grace Ayobami
Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multi-factorial type of dementia that poses a social and medical burden in that no effective treatment has been achieved yet. Impaired brain glucose metabolism is one of the major pathophysiological factors linked to its onset and progression. Lauric acid (LA) is a triglyceride with medium chain that can produce ketone body utilize by the brain as an alternative energy source. Objective: Therefore, the present study was carried out with the purpose of evaluating the effect of LA on cognitive impairments in scopolamine-induced AD-like rat model. Methods: Forty-two male Wistar rats were divided into six groups to receive normal saline, scopolamine, scopolamine with Donepezil, and scopolamine with varied doses of LA for a period of 21 days. Morris water maze (MWM) and Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) tests were performed to evaluate cognitive performance. After, brains were harvested and processed to assay for the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Histological analyses using Haematoxylin and eosin staining was also performed. Results: The LA-treated groups demonstrated memory retention in the MWM and EPM tests, and showed increased levels of CAT, SOD, and GSH similar to the Donepezil group, in contrast to the scopolamine only group while MDA levels, IL-6, and AChE activity were reduced in the LA treated groups contrasted to scopolamine only group. LA reduces oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and AChE activity, which indicates a possible ability of LA to protect against AD
Effect of Crude and Decaffeinated Extracts of Cola nitida Seeds on Male Reproductive System in Swiss Albino Rats
(2016-10-03) Ogundipe, Oluwadare
Background: Caffeine is present in kola nut and xanthine stimulants which are used as a psychoactive drug. Therefore, the effect of kola nut (Cola nitida) extract was carried out on male reproductive system in male albino rats. Aim and Objectives: This study was aimed to determine the effect of oral administration of Crude Extract of Kola (CEK) and Decaffeinated Extract of Kola (DEK) on the reproductive function in male Swiss albino rats. Material and Methods: Twenty-four adult male albino rats were used for this study, they were assigned into three groups consisting eight rats each. Group 1 (control group) received (8mg/kgbw) of distilled water for six weeks, Group 2 (crude extract group) received (8mg/kg bw) of CEK for six weeks, and Group 3 (decaffeinated extract group) was treated with (8mg/kg bw) of DEK for six weeks. Result: CEK showed no significant decrease in the body weight and sperm count when compared with the control group. No significant difference in seminal parameter (motility, morphology, viability), organ weight (testis) and hormonal assay (testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone) when compared with the control group. DEK showed no significant different in body weight, hormonal assay (testosterone and follicle stimulating hormone, seminal parameter (sperm viability, count, morphology and motility), organ weight (testes and epipidymis) of the animal; however significant increase was observed in luteinizing hormone when compared with control group. Asignificant increase in the sperm count of decaffeinated group was observed (p = 0.02) when compared with crude group. Conclusion: This study indicates that CEK and DEK have little effects on male reproductive system.
Effects of n-Hexane Extracts of Ocimum gratissimum and Momordica charantia Leaves on Learning and Memory in Scopolamine-induced Rat Model of Dementia
(LASU Journal of Medical Sciences, 2019) Fajemidagba Grace Ayobami
Objective: Cholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil are being used to improve memory in people with dementia, but adverse effects associated with the use of these drugs coupled with cost have limited their use, hence the need to explore options in medicinal plants for the treatment of dementia. The aim of this study was to investigate the memory restorative effects of n-hexane extracts of Ocimum gratissimum (OG) and Momordica charantia (MC) in scopolamine-induced dementia in Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six treatment groups as follows: Control, Scopolamine only (1 mg/kg b.w), Donepezil (2 mg/kg b.w) + scopolamine (1 mg/kg b.w), OG (400 mg/kg b.w) + scopolamine (1 mg/kg b.w), MC (400 mg/kg b.w) + scopolamine (1 mg/kg b.w) and co-administration of OG and MC (400 mg/kg b.w each) + scopolamine (1 mg/kg b.w). The animals were treated for 15 days. Morris water maze, light and dark box test were conducted to evaluate learning and memory. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level and Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activities were also assessed using thiobarbituric acid procedure and Ellman method respectively. Results: The result showed a significant reduction in escape latency, MDA level, AchE activity and a significant increase in the probing frequency in OG + scopolamine; MC + scopolamine and OG, MC + scopolamine treated groups when compared to the scopolamine only group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the escape latency, MDA, AchE activity and probing frequency between the extracts treated groups and donepenzil group. Conclusion: The study concludes that n-hexane leaves extracts of OG and MC have the ability to restore memory impairment induced by scopolamine.
Effects of two weeks administration of Ocimum gratissimum leaf on feeding pattern and markers of renal function in rats treated with gentamicin
(elsevier, 2016-07-13) Ogundipe, Oluwadare
This study investigated the effects of aqueous extract of Ocimum gratissimum leaf (AOGL) on some markers of renal function in rats with gentamicin-induced nephropathy. Thirty adult male Wistar rats were used for this study. They were divided into 5 groups as follows: Group 1 (the control) (n = 5) received distilled water daily by oral route for the whole period of the study. Group 2 (the toxic control) (n = 10) received 100 mg/kg/day of gentamicin i.p. for a week. Groups 3, 4, and 5 (n = 5) were pre-treated with gentamicin as the Group 2 rats, after which they received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day each of AOGL p.o., respectively, for 14 days. Rats in each groups were placed inside separate metabolic cages to obtain their food consumption, water intake and urine output for 24 hours after the last administration. Markers of renal function such as creatinine, urea and total protein were determined both in the plasma and urine. Oxidative stress markers such as TBARS and GSH were assayed in the tissue homogenate. Creatinine clearance was calculated using a standard formula. Genta micin treatment induced significant (p < 0.05) increases in urine output, plasma urea, creatinine, urinary protein, relative kidney weight and TBARS in the toxic control when compared to the control group. Significant decreases (p < 0.05) in urine creatinine and GSH were also as sociated with gentamicin administration. Post-treatment with AOGL caused significant increases in food consumption, body weight, water intake, urine creatinine, and GSH, and significant (p < 0.05) decreases in urine output, plasma creatinine, urea, TBARS and urine total protein in the treated groups when compared with the toxic control group. This further evident by a significant improvement or reversal of the histopathological alterations of kidney tissues in the groups treated with AOGL. The results of this study indicated that AOGL ameliorated the kidney injury caused by gentamicin in rats. Hence, the extracts have the potential of being used for the management of gentamicin-induced nephropathies
EFFECTS OF WHOLE CANNABIS SATIVA INGESTION ON BEHAVIOURAL PATTERNS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN MICE BRAIN TISSUES
(Animal Research International, 2019-04-11) Akinsola Akinyele O
The unregulated habitual use of whole Cannabis sativa remains a challenge for the potential medical usefulness of the plant. As a psychoactive substance with different physiological properties, the onset and extent of its effects are often a factor of the mode of consumption. This study evaluated the neuro-behavioural effects of daily oral ingestion of C. sativa and its modulatory changes in oxidative stress parameters in mice brain tissues. Twenty-five male Swiss albino mice were separated into 5 groups of 5 animals each. Cannabis-diet were prepared from whole dried cannabis and standard mice feed. Groups I – IV, were fed with 40, 20, 10 and 1 % cannabis-diet ad libitum for 14 days, while group V animals were fed the standard mice diet ad libitum for 14 days and served as control. Neuro-behavioural activities were assessed by observing animals rearing, grooming, ambulation, head dipping and freezing times. The brain oxidative stress parameters were assayed to determine the effect of cannabis oral consumption on activity in mice brain. The animals fed with cannabis-diet displayed significantly reduced anxiety but statistically insignificant locomotory function, exploratory tendencies and neophilia, in a quantity dependent manner relative to the controls. Cannabis demonstrated both antioxidant and oxidative stress tendencies. Ingestion of whole cannabis plants may not adversely influence neuro-behavioural patterns in animals. A trade-off between oxidative stress induction and brain tissue injury repair mechanisms may have been elicited by different constituents of Cannabis. Thus, oral ingestion of cannabis may not readily cause changes in neuro-behavioural patterns.
EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTIC EVALUATION OF THE AFRICAN VEGETABLES (CLERODENDRUM VOLUBILE LEAF AND IRVINGIA GABONENSIS SEED EXTRACTS) IN TRASTUZUMAB-MEDIATED HEPATO-RENAL DYSFUNCTION IN WISTAR RATS
(Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2020-11-21) Akinsola Akinyele O
Objective: The use of trastuzumab (TZM) in the clinical management of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive metastatic breast and gastric cancers, gastro-esophageal adenocarcinoma, and colorectal carcinoma has been limited by its off-target cardiac, hepatic, and renal toxicities which till date have no effective therapies in either their prevention or amelioration. Thus, the present study is designed at investigating the protective and therapeutic potentials of 400 mg/kg/day Clerodendrum volubile ethanol leaf extract (CVE) and Irvingia gabonensis ethanol seed extract (IGE) pretreatments in TZM-intoxicated Wistar rats based on their reported folkloric use in the local management of kidney and liver diseases and the previously reported therapeutic potential of these African vegetables in TZM cardiotoxicity. Methods: Forty-nine male Wistar rats were randomly allotted into seven groups of seven rats per group. Group I rats were treated with 10 ml/kg/day of 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) sterile water p.o. and 1 ml/kg/day 5% DMSO sterile water i.p.; Groups II and III rats were orally pretreated with 400 mg/kg/day CVE and IGE, respectively, 3 h before 1 ml/kg/day/i.p. 5% DMSO sterile water; Group IV rats were orally pretreated with 10 ml/kg/day 5% DMSO sterile water 3 h before 2.25 mg/kg/day/i.p. TZM; and Groups V-VII rats were pretreated with 20 mg/kg/day Vit. C, 400 mg/kg/day CVE, and 400 mg/kg/day IGE all dissolved in 5% DMSO sterile water, respectively, 3 h before i.p. injections of 2.25 mg/kg/day TZM, all for 7 days. Liver function parameters, renal function parameters, oxidative stress markers, and histopathological investigations were the study measuring endpoints. Results: Oral pretreatment with 20 mg/kg/day Vit. C, 400 mg/kg/day CVE and IGE significantly ameliorated TZM-mediated hepatic and renal toxicities by effectively lowering the serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, and urea levels. CVE and IGE pretreatments also significantly reversed TZM-induced decreases in the hepatic and renal tissue catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione S-transferase activities and reduced malondialdehyde levels. CVE and IGE pretreatments also improved TZM-induced hepatic and renal histological lesions. Conclusions: Overall, the chemotherapeutic/chemopreventive potentials of CVE and IGE in TZM-induced hepatorenal dysfunction were either wholly or partly mediated through free-radical scavenging and antioxidant activities.
GC/MS Analysis and a 30-day Toxicological Evaluation of a Nigerian Immunomodulatory Polyherbal Supplement (PHS)
(Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Medicines, 2023-11-09) Akinsola Akinyele O
Background and Purpose: A Nigerian-formulated polyherbal supplement (PHS) is consumed for its folkloric claims of boosting the immune system. The aim of this study was to toxicologically evaluate a 30-day administration of PHS. Methods: Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was carried out on the ethanol extract of PHS. Thirty-two Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups. One group served as control while the other three groups were administered 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day of PHS for 30 consecutive days. The animals were anesthetized, and cardiac puncture was used to obtain whole blood for hematology and serum biochemistry. In vivo, antioxidant assays were also carried out on the liver homogenates. The liver, kidneys, and heart were examined histologically. Results: The most abundant compounds identified were eucalyptol, alpha-pinene, and phytol. There were no adverse hematological effects. Total cholesterol, LDL-C, and catalase were reduced significantly (P<0.05). At 1000 mg/kg/day, there was a significant increase in creatinine, sodium ion, and glutathione peroxidase concentration. The histological examination of the heart, kidneys, and liver revealed that PHS did not cause any major tissue lesions at 250 and 500 mg/kg/day. Tissue lesions and pathologies were obvious at 1000 mg/kg/day. Conclusion: The polyherbal supplement seems to be relatively safe if used at doses up to 250 mg/kg/day. Higher doses may cause renal and hepatic lesions.

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