Department of Anatomy

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Aloe Vera Gel Attenuates Acetic Acid-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Adult Male Wistar Rats
(Elsevier B.V., 2022-04-01) Awoniran, Paul
Ulcerative colitis is a disease of undetermined etiology and treatment. It affects the colon and rectum and typically involves the mucosa, manifesting as continuous areas of inflammation and ulceration. Aloe gel contains more than a hundred potentially active constituents of different classes. This study investigated the effect of aloe gel on experimentally-induced ulcerative colitis. Male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into groups A to F of six rats each. Ulcerative colitis was induced to rats in groups B to F by single intra-colonic administration of 2 mLof 4% acetic acid with a size 6F pediatrics catheter. In contrast, group A received an equivalent volume of normalsaline by the same route. Twenty-four hours after induction, rats in groups B and C received normal saline and 1mg/kg b. wt. daily dose of dexamethasone, respectively. In contrast, those in groups D, E, and F received 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg b. wt. doses of aloe gel, respectively, for 14 days. They were sacrificed 24 h after the last administration. We assessed disease progression by determining the clinical activity index, gross inflammation, histological alterations, the intensity of DNA in colon cells, and tissue level of nitric oxide. All the parameters but one increased significantly in group B rats. The quantitative distribution of DNA in colon cells reduced significantly in this group. Aloe gel doses significantly reversed these changes in a dose-dependent manner. Dexamethasone showed lesser efficacy relative to 60 mg dose of the Aloe gel extract. We conclude that Aloe vera gel has therapeutic potential in the treatment and management of ulcerative colitis. The most significant effects were observed in the groups treated with the highest dose of Aloe gel (60 mg/kg b. wt.). It is also worth noting that the remediated potential of aloe gel in acetic acid-induced UC surpasses that of dexamethasone.
Anatomic Evaluation of Sub-Axial Cervical Spine among Nigerians
(Elsevier, 2020-07-03) Awoniran, Paul
Introduction: Cases of tumor, fracture, or rheumatoid arthritis associated with cervical spine instability are now on the increase. An attempt to stabilize the vertebra by the placement of cervical spine screws involves some risk to the spinal cord, vertebral vessels and exiting nerve roots. To better assist injuries that occur to this region without an impingement of neurovascular structures, it is imperative to understand cervical spine anatomy and its possible variations across populations. Method: In this study, gross morphometry of 80 fully ossified human cervical vertebrae (C3–C7) was carried out. Eleven parameters were measured using digital Vernier calipers. The means and standard errors for linear and area dimensions of the vertebra body, endplates, spinal canal, and spinous and transverse processes were obtained for each vertebra. Result: All parameters increased progressively down the spine with very few changes at some vertebra level. Spinous process length increased significantly down the vertebrae. Most of these parameters were different from the reports from other populations. Conclusion: We concluded that possible variation in cervical spine morphometry of Nigerians compared to other races exist and should be taken into consideration when designing cervical vertebra related instruments and in any spinal reconstruction surgery as a size of instrument may not be generally fit for all populations.
Cadaveric Evaluation of Lumbar Pedicle Morphometry among Nigerians
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2020-09-30) Awoniran, Paul
Pedicle screw is employed in several cases of spine disorders such as fractures, pseudarthrosis, spondylolisthesis, degenerative changes among others. Its essence is to fix the vertebral body in position until fusion is complete. The success of this technique depends on factors like choice of size of screw for a particular pedicle size and shape. Thus, adequate knowledge of the morphometry of lumbar pedicle may avert intraoperative and postoperative complications associated with this technique, especially, neurological impairments. In this study, we determined the vertical and horizontal diameters, interpedicular distance and gender differences of 180 lumbar vertebral pedicles (140 male, 40 female pedicles) using digital vernier calipers. Results revealed a significant increase in pedicle height and width from L2 to L5. Interpedicular distance increased significantly down the vertebrae from L2 to L5. Mean vertical and horizontal diameters, interpedicular distance were not significantly different in both sexes. This study recommends a thorough check of individual’s spinal anatomy in pre-operative assessments.
Changes in the Biochemical, Hematological and Histopathological Parameters in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats and the Ameliorative Effect of Kigelia africana Fruit Extract
(Elsevier, 2020-04-12) Awoniran, Paul
Background: Biochemical, hematological and histological changes are major observable clinical and pathological factors associated with Diabetes mellitus. Derangement in the levels of these parameters increases the risk of the development of complications. In another hand, gastrointestinal intolerance due to the development of lactic acidosis on the gastrointestinal tract and the intestinal microbiome is the toxic side effect of various synthetic antidiabetic agents. The use of Kigelia africana fruit extract for the treatment of diabetes has been scientifically validated. This study therefore aimed at investigating changes in the biochemical, hematological and histological parameters as well as the determination of the functional groups present in the hexane fraction of the fruit. Methods: The fruits were extracted with ethanol and partitioned with n-hexane to obtain the hexane fraction. Diabetic rats induced with streptozotocin (STZ) were divided into 5 groups of 5 animals each and treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight (BW) hexane fraction alongside reference standard; glibenclamide. Fasting blood glucose levels and their body weights were monitored weekly. Animals were sacrificed at the end of 28-day treatment. Blood, liver, and kidney were collected for biochemical, hematological and histopathological analyses. Fourier transform infrared resonance (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis was carried out on the hexane fraction for functional group determination. Results: The hexane fraction of K. africana fruit extract decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels significantly with ameliorative effects on the hematological parameters such as packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and red blood cells (RBC) etc. There were significant regenerative differences in the biochemical activities as well as the renal cortex and midzone sections of the rat's kidney and liver when compared with untreated diabetic rats. The presence of polyphenolic functional groups via FTIR analysis suggested high antioxidant activities of the fruit extract. Conclusion: The use of Kigelia africana fruit extracts protects against biochemical, hematological and histological changes that are injurious to diabetic patients. Therefore, Kigelia africana fruit is a good hepatic- and nephroprotective agent and has a hemato-protective ability.
Curcuma longa Extracts Suppress Pathophysiology of Experimental Hepatic Parenchymal Cell Necrosis
(Elsevier, 2019-04-14) Awoniran, Paul
tThe study sought to investigate the protective potentials of Curcuma longa rhizome following potassiumbromate-induced liver injury in Wistar rats. Thirty-five male Wistar rats were divided into 7 groups of 5rats each (n = 5). Control group received normal saline while the other groups received oral administra-tion of 100 mg/kg potassium bromate daily for two weeks to induce hepatic injury. Negative control I ratswere sacrificed immediately after induction of hepatic injury, while the test groups were given oral doseof ethanol extract of Curcuma longa rhizome (EECLOR) at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg for two weeks. Positivecontrol group was treated with Silymarin for two weeks, while negative control II group was observed forthe two-week period. At the end of the study, serum biochemical parameters of liver function enzymes,malondialdehyde and histopathological changes were investigated. Necrotic hepatocytes were quantifiedin H&E-stained liver sections using the morphologic criteria of typical necrotic tissue. Hepatocytes thatremained intact were identified as those with round euchromatic nuclei with prominent nucleoli. Histo-logical examination and morphological grading of the stained sections showed massive necrosis acrossthe zones. EECLOR improved liver functions evidenced by reduced activity of serum amino transferases. Italso reduced lipid peroxidation. In addition, there was significant reduction of hepatocytes showing mor-phological criteria of necrosis in EECLOR-treated rats across the zones, with appreciable radial sinusoidalarrangement. In conclusion, the protective actions of EECLOR against potassium bromate liver toxicity inrats, appears to be due to its ability to reduce lipid peroxidation.
Ethanol Extract of Curcuma longa Rhizome Mitigates Potassium Bromate-Induced Liver Changes in the Wistar Rat: Histological, Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Assessments
(Elsevier, 2018-09-06) Awoniran, Paul
The effects of Curcuma longa rhizome on hepatic cells, glycogen, connective tissue fibres and filamentous cytoskeleton were evaluated following KBrO3-induced liver injury in Wistar rats. Thirty-five male rats were randomly divided into seven groups (n=5). Group 1 were normal saline treated rats. Hepatic injury was induced in groups 2 to 7 by oral administration of 100mg/kg KBrO3 for 2 weeks. Following induction, rats in group 2 were sacrificed while groups 3, 4, 5 were given oral dose of EECLOR at 100, 200, 400mg/kg respectively. Group 6 rats were treated with silymarine while group 7 rats were left untreated. The rats were sacrificed and the liver sections were stained with H&E, Masson trichrome, Gordon and Sweets, PAS, Feulgen reaction, anti-vimentin antibody for demonstration of general histoarchitecture, elastic fibre, collagen fibre; glycogen, nuclear DNA and filamentous cytoskeleton respectively. Groups 2, 3, 7 developed intranuclear vacuolation, plasma coagulation, plamolysis, karyopyknosis, karyorrhexis and karyolysis, hyperchromatism, DNA fading and pleomorphism. Immunohistochemical study revealed near negative immunoreaction for vimentin. These pathological changes were ameliorated in EECLOR-treated groups in a manner comparable to silymarine-treated group. The study concluded that ameliorative effects of EECLOR in KBrO3-induced liver injury could be due to its vimentin stabilization property.
Hepatotoxic Effect of Potassium Bromate on the Liver of Wistar Rats
(IISTE, 2013-01-12) Awoniran, Paul
in the bread-making process as well as a dough conditioner for flour. It is generated as a contaminant in drinking water due to conversion of bromide found naturally in water to bromate by ozone which is used as disinfectant. Materials and Methods: Thirty animals were randomly divided into six groups, five rats each. The treated groups received potassium bromate in drinking water for 21 days. Control group received distilled water and feed, group one, received 140 mg/L of KBrO3 in drinking water for 3 week, group two: This group contained 10 rats which were divided into two group containing 5 rats each i.e. group A & B. The rats in Group 2A and 2B received 170 mg/L of KBrO3 in drinking water, thereafter, KBrO3 was withdrawn from the animals in group 2B for another 2 weeks, group three received 200 mg/L of KBrO3 in drinking water for 3 weeks, group four: This group contained 5 rats which received KBrO3 at dose level of 200mg/L in drinking water with co – administration of vitamin E through oral route for 3 weeks. Results: The histology results revealed distortion in tissue architecture, congestion of the central vein and sinusoidal dilatation as well as cell necrosis in all the treatment. Conclusion: The use of KBrO3 in edibles may not be advisable as it is not liver friendly.
Microstructural Effects of Celosia trigyna Leave Extracts on the Liver and Ileum in Ethanol-induced Toxicity in Adult Wistar Rats
(Science Alert, 2020-03-15) Awoniran, Paul
Celosia trigyna is from the family Amaranthaceae and highly consumed by human beings and animals. The leaves are rich in antioxidants and used medicinally to treat wounds, diarrhea and mouth ulcers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the healing potential of Celosia trigyina leave extracts on the liver and ileum in ethanol-induced toxicity in adult Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty adult wistar rats were procured, acclimatized and randomly divided into 6 groups of 5 animals each. Rats in groups 2-6 were administered with 5 mL kg–1 of 90% ethanol while animals in group 1 were administered with equivalent volume of distilled water. After 24 h, animals in groups 3-6 were administered with leave extracts of Celosia trigyna (methanol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and hexane, respectively). The therapies went on repeatedly for 14 days in all animal groups. Twenty four h after the last administration, the liver and ileum were excised and fixed in 10% formol saline for histopathological analysis. Results: The result showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the weight difference of animals in group 2 when compared to the Celosia trigyna treated groups. Furthermore, the histopathological evaluation showed a remarkable recovery of the necrotized hepatocytes by the leave extracts of Celosia trigyna with the dichloromethane and hexane extracts having better remediation against ethanol induced toxicity in both the liver and ileum than the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts. Conclusion: In conclusion, the leave extracts of Celosia trigyna showed promising protection of the liver and ileum against ethanol-induced toxicity in adult Wistar rats. This protection may be due to the antioxidant potential of Celosia trigyna.

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