Department of Anatomy

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Acid Buffering Effects of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Ocimum gratissimum L. in the Rabbit Stomach
(2013) Omotoso, Dayo
Background/aims: Although the gastroprotective properties of Ocimum gratissimum L. have been mentioned, the exact mechanism is yet to be explored. Since acid output plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of gastric ulceration, the present study was aimed at investigating the effect of leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum on gastric luminal pH, acid output, parietal cell mass and gastric mucous cell population in rabbits. Materials and Methods: The model of pyloric ligation for acid secretion and ulcer study was employed. Prior to the 4 h ligation, male New Zealand rabbits were treated orally with 75 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg b.w aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum twice daily for three weeks. The antisecretory and antiulcer effect of Ocimum gratissimum was compared with omeprazole (20 mg/kg p.o). Parietal cell mass and gastric mucous cell population were determined in the gastric samples by histometry. Results: Aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum caused significant reduction in ulcer formation, gastric secretion volume and acid output in a dose dependent manner (p<0.05). Percentage inhibition was recorded as 29%, 46.2%, 52.9% for ulcer; and 16.2%, 35.9%, 52.1% for acid output upon pretreatment with 75 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg b.w respectively. Parietal cell mass was also reduced while gastric mucous cell population and luminal pH increased accordingly when compared to the control group. Data were comparable with the antisecretory effect of omeprazole. Conclusion: The results indicate that the anti-secretory activity of Ocimum gratissimum may be the anti-ulcer mechanism of this plant.
Acute Effects of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Aspilia Africana c.d. Adams on some Haematological Parameters in Rats
(African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 2013) Omotoso, Dayo
Several medicinal plants have been documented for their haematological effects either at low or high concentration but very little is known about Aspilia africana. The aim of the study was to investigate the acute effects of aqueous leaf extract of Aspilia africana at different concentrations on some haematological parameters in rats. Following 14 days of oral administration of aqueous extract of A. africana, Haematocrit (HCT), Haemoglobin concentration (HB), Mean Cell Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), Red Blood Cell Count (RBC Count), Total White Blood Cell Count (Total WBC Count), Absolute Neutrophils count (NEUT#), Absolute Lymphocytes count (LYM#), Absolute Eosinophils Count (EOSIN#) and Absolute Monocytes (MONO#) were evaluated in twenty (20) male Wistar albino rats. The rats weighed 174±20g, and were randomly assigned into 4 groups viz: Group 1, Control; Group 2, 250mg/Kg/d aqueous extract; Group 3, 500mg/Kg/d aqueous extract; and Group 4, 750mg/Kg/d aqueous extract. HCT, HB, MCHC, RBC Count, Total WBC Count, NEUT#, LYM#, EOSIN# and MONO# were significantly increased (P<0.001) in 500mg/Kg/d of A. africana extract (61.13±1.65%, 13.5±1.29g/dl, 23.33±0.0.02g/dl, 3.68±0.02 X 1012Cells/l, 2.33±0.02 X 109Cells/l, 1.32±0.04 X 109Cells/l, 1.43±0.05 X 109Cells/l, 0.47±0.02 X 109Cells/l and 0.47±0.04 X 109Cells/l, respectively) when compared to the Control (51.13±0.85%, 9.56±0.43g/dl, 19.22±0.19g/dl, 2.69±0.01 X 1012Cells/l, 1.79±0.01 X 109Cells/l, 0.80±0.00 X 109Cells/l, 0.83±0.00 X 109Cells/l, 0.18±0.00 X 109Cells/l and 0.24±0.00 X 109Cells/l, respectively) which received no extract at all. The 500mg/Kg of A. africana extract proved to be the most effective, while the 750mg/Kg proved to be the least effective in comparison with the control. The results of this study further strengthened the earlier works on the medicinal benefits of Aspilia africana and its virtue as a good pharmacological source of haematopoiesis.
Aloe Vera Gel Attenuates Acetic Acid-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Adult Male Wistar Rats
(Elsevier B.V., 2022-04-01) Awoniran, Paul
Ulcerative colitis is a disease of undetermined etiology and treatment. It affects the colon and rectum and typically involves the mucosa, manifesting as continuous areas of inflammation and ulceration. Aloe gel contains more than a hundred potentially active constituents of different classes. This study investigated the effect of aloe gel on experimentally-induced ulcerative colitis. Male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into groups A to F of six rats each. Ulcerative colitis was induced to rats in groups B to F by single intra-colonic administration of 2 mLof 4% acetic acid with a size 6F pediatrics catheter. In contrast, group A received an equivalent volume of normalsaline by the same route. Twenty-four hours after induction, rats in groups B and C received normal saline and 1mg/kg b. wt. daily dose of dexamethasone, respectively. In contrast, those in groups D, E, and F received 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg b. wt. doses of aloe gel, respectively, for 14 days. They were sacrificed 24 h after the last administration. We assessed disease progression by determining the clinical activity index, gross inflammation, histological alterations, the intensity of DNA in colon cells, and tissue level of nitric oxide. All the parameters but one increased significantly in group B rats. The quantitative distribution of DNA in colon cells reduced significantly in this group. Aloe gel doses significantly reversed these changes in a dose-dependent manner. Dexamethasone showed lesser efficacy relative to 60 mg dose of the Aloe gel extract. We conclude that Aloe vera gel has therapeutic potential in the treatment and management of ulcerative colitis. The most significant effects were observed in the groups treated with the highest dose of Aloe gel (60 mg/kg b. wt.). It is also worth noting that the remediated potential of aloe gel in acetic acid-induced UC surpasses that of dexamethasone.
Ameliorative Effects of Ascorbic Acid and Allium sativum (Garlic) Ethanol Extract on Renal Parenchyma of Gentamicin-induced Nephropathic Rats
(Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research, 2020-05) Omotoso, Dayo
To assess ameliorative effects of Ascorbic acid (AA) and Allium sativum ethanol extract (ASEE) on renal parenchyma of gentamicin-induced nephropathic rats. Thirty Wistar rats (weighing between 180-205 g) were randomly divided into five groups (AE). These include Group A administered with 0.9% Normal Saline (0.5 ml/kg body weight (b.w.)), Group B administered with gentamicin (GM, 200 mg/kg b.w.) intraperitoneally (i.p.), Group C administered with GM (200 mg/kg b.w.) i.p. and AA (200 mg/kg b.w.) orally, Group D administered with GM (200 mg/kg b.w.) i.p. and ASEE (200 mg/kg b.w.) orally and Group E administered with GM (200 mg/kg b.w.) i.p. and AA (200 mg/kg b.w.) orally and ASEE (200 mg/kg b.w.) orally. All administrations were done once daily for a period of ten (10) days. The body weight of study animals was recorded at the beginning and end of study period. After the study period, renal tissue of study animals was harvested, weighed, processed, stained using H & E technique. Stained sections were examined under microscope for histopathological changes within the renal parenchyma and were scored using image-J software. The results of this study showed that exposure to GM results into significant (P < 0.05) reduction in body and renal tissue weight. However, therapeutic exposure to AA and ASEE either as individual or combined treatment regimen culminated into relatively null body and renal tissue weight loss among treatment groups C-E. In addition, exposure to GM precipitates prominent histopathological changes within renal parenchyma of study animals. As observed with body and renal tissue weight changes, treatment with AA and ASEE also comparatively ameliorate GM-induced nephropathy within renal parenchyma of study animals in treatment groups. The findings of this study therefore showed that AA and ASEE exhibit ameliorative effect on the renal parenchyma of gentamicin-induced nephropathic rats either as distinct or combined treatment regimen.
Anatomic Evaluation of Sub-Axial Cervical Spine among Nigerians
(Elsevier, 2020-07-03) Awoniran, Paul
Introduction: Cases of tumor, fracture, or rheumatoid arthritis associated with cervical spine instability are now on the increase. An attempt to stabilize the vertebra by the placement of cervical spine screws involves some risk to the spinal cord, vertebral vessels and exiting nerve roots. To better assist injuries that occur to this region without an impingement of neurovascular structures, it is imperative to understand cervical spine anatomy and its possible variations across populations. Method: In this study, gross morphometry of 80 fully ossified human cervical vertebrae (C3–C7) was carried out. Eleven parameters were measured using digital Vernier calipers. The means and standard errors for linear and area dimensions of the vertebra body, endplates, spinal canal, and spinous and transverse processes were obtained for each vertebra. Result: All parameters increased progressively down the spine with very few changes at some vertebra level. Spinous process length increased significantly down the vertebrae. Most of these parameters were different from the reports from other populations. Conclusion: We concluded that possible variation in cervical spine morphometry of Nigerians compared to other races exist and should be taken into consideration when designing cervical vertebra related instruments and in any spinal reconstruction surgery as a size of instrument may not be generally fit for all populations.
Anthropometric Evaluation of Nasal Height, Nasal Breadth and Nasal Index among Bini Children in Southern Nigeria
(2019) Omotoso, Dayo
Background and Objective: The nasal dimensions are important cephalometric parameters used in physical anthropometry to distinguish different gender and groups of human population. It also used to categorize the human nasal morphology into five different morphological categories which include hyperleptorrhine, leptorrhine, mesorrhine, platyrrhine and hyperplatyrrhine. In this anthropometric study, the nasal morphological characteristics of the Bini children in Nigeria were evaluated and the prevalent nasal morphology of the study population determined. Methodology: This study involved randomly selected 500 Bini children (comprising 250 males and 250 females) between ages 5-12 years. The nasal dimensions of each subject were measured between relevant anatomical landmarks. These include the nasal height measured as distance between nasion and subnasale and the nasal breadth measured as distance between the most lateral points of right and left ala of the nose using a sliding caliper. The nasal index for each subject was calculated as nasal breadth divided by nasal height and expressed as percentage. Results: The mean nasal height for male and female Bini children was 4.58± 0.11 and 4.33 ± 0.10 while the mean nasal breadth was 4.05 ± 0.12 and 3.88 ± 0.11 respectively. The mean nasal index for male subjects (90.25 ± 1.33) was also higher than for female subjects (88.65 ± 1.50). The morphological classification showed the platyrrhine nose type as the most prevalent among the male (70.0%) and female (68.0%) Bini children. Conclusion: The nasal dimensions and nasal index demonstrated prominent sexual dimorphism and the dominance of platyrrhine nose type is the current trend in the nasal morphology of Bini children.
Anti-ulcerogenic Activity of Aspilia Africana Leaf Extract: Roles of Gastric Acid, Oxidative Stress and Neutrophil Infiltration
(African Journal of Biomedical Research, 2014-09) Omotoso, Dayo
Aqueous decoction of Aspilia africana C.D Adams (Asteraceae) is an effective antiulcer agent in Southern Nigeria, but little is known about the possible underlying mechanisms. This study investigated the role of gastric acid, neutrophil infiltration and oxidative stress in the anti-ulcerogenic properties of aqueous leaf extract of Aspilia africana (ALEAA) in rats. Male albino rats were treated with 250, 500, 750 mg/kg ALEAA for 21 days. Gastric ulceration was induced by indomethacin, scored, and assayed to determine the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in homogenized samples. Acid output was measured by pyloric ligation method while neutrophil infiltration evaluated by histometry. Indomethacin caused gastric ulcer with an index of 7.50 ± 0.23, increase in MDA concentration and reduction in the concentration SOD and CAT (p<0.05). Pre-treatment with 500 and 750 mg/kg of ALEAA prevented ulcer formation by 45% and 62%, and lipid peroxidation 51% and 57% respectively while SOD and CAT increased in a similar manner. Also, acid output significantly reduced in the 500 and 750 mg/kg ALEAA treated rats by 25% and 36%. Neutrophil infiltration of the ulcerated stomach pretreated with the three doses decreased (21.5 ± 1.40 cells/field, 15.0 ± 2.50 cells/field, and 11.3 ± 1.00 cells/field versus 42.7 ± 5.50 cells/field). Aspilia africana enhanced gastroprotection via reduction of acid output, neutrophil infiltration and oxidative stress.
Ascorbic Acid Ameliorates Behavioural Deficits and Neuropathological Alterations in Rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
(Elsevier Ltd, 2017-02) Yawson, Emmanuel
Exploring the links between neural pathobiology and behavioural deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and investigating substances with known therapeutic advantages over subcellular mechanisms underlying these dysfunctions could advance the development of potent therapeutic molecules for AD treatment. Here we investigated the efficacy of ascorbic acid (AA) in reversing aluminium chloride (AlCl3)-induced behavioural deficits and neurotoxic cascades within prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus of rats. A group of rats administered oral AlCl3 (100mg/kg) daily for 15days showed degenerative changes characterised by significant weight loss, reduced exploratory/working memory, frontal-dependent motor deficits, cognitive decline, memory dysfunction and anxiety during behavioural assessments compared to control. Subsequent analysis showed that oxidative impairment-indicated by depleted superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxidation (related to glutathione-S-transferase activity), cholinergic deficits seen by increased neural acetylcholinesterase (AChE) expression and elevated lactate dehydrogenase underlie behavioural alterations. Furthermore, evidences of proteolysis were seen by reduced Nissl profiles in neuronal axons and dendrites which correspond to apoptotic changes observed in H&E staining of PFC and hippocampal sections. Interestingly, AA (100mg/kg daily for 15days) significantly attenuated behavioural deficits in rats through inhibition of molecular and cellular stressor proteins activated by AlCl3. Our results showed that the primary mechanisms underlying AA therapeutic advantages relates closely with its abilities to scavenge free radicals, prevent membrane lipid peroxidation, modulate neuronal bioenergetics, act as AChE inhibitor and through its anti-proteolytic properties. These findings suggest that supplementing endogenous AA capacity through its pharmacological intake may inhibit progression of AD-related neurodegenerative processes and behavioural alterations.
Ascorbic Acid Ameliorates Behavioural Deficits and Neuropathological Alterations in Rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
(Elsevier, 2017-02-06) Arogundade, Tolulope
Exploring the links between neural pathobiology and behavioural deficits in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and investigating substances with known therapeutic advantages over subcellular mechanisms underlying these dysfunctions could advance the development of potent therapeutic molecules for AD treatment. Here we investigated the efficacy of ascorbic acid (AA) in reversing aluminium chloride (AlCl3)-induced behavioural deficits and neurotoxic cascades within prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus of rats. A group of rats administered oral AlCl3 (100 mg/kg) daily for 15 days showed degenerative changes characterized by significant weight loss, reduced exploratory/working memory, frontal-dependent motor deficits, cognitive decline, memory dysfunction and anxiety during behavioural assessments compared to control. Subsequent analysis showed that oxidative impairment-indicated by depleted superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxidation (related to glutathione-S-transferase activity), cholinergic deficits seen by increased neural acetylcholinesterase (AChE) expression and elevated lactate dehydrogenase underlie behavioural alterations. Furthermore, evidences of proteolysis were seen by reduced Nissl profiles in neuronal axons and dendrites which correspond to apoptotic changes observed in H&E staining of PFC and hippocampal sections. Interestingly, AA (100 mg/kg daily for 15 days) significantly attenuated behavioural deficits in rats through inhibition of molecular and cellular stressor proteins activated by AlCl3. Our results showed that the primary mechanisms underlying AA therapeutic advantages relates closely with its abilities to scavenge free radicals, prevent membrane lipid peroxidation, modulate neuronal bioenergetics, act as AChE inhibitor and through its anti-proteolytic properties. These findings suggest that supplementing endogenous AA capacity through its pharmacological intake may inhibit progression of AD-related neurodegenerative processes and behavioural alterations.
Assessment of Gastroprotective Activity of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Ageratum conyzoides L.: Role of Mucous Cells, Anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) and Tumor Suppressor (p53) Proteins
(2022) Omotoso, Dayo
Introduction: Generally, factors that up-regulate gastric mucosal protective factors or downregulate aggressive factors contribute to the maintenance of mucosal integrity. This study was done to assess the role of mucous cells, Bcl-2 and p53 proteins during the gastroprotective activity of aqueous extract of Ageratum conyzoides. Methods: The phytochemistry of A. conyzoides extract was analyzed using a gas chromatographymass spectrometer. Animals were subdivided into five groups, including non-treated normal control group A, non-treated test control group B, and treated groups C-E (Pre-treated with 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg A. conyzoides, respectively for 28 days). After the treatment period, pyloric-ligation was used to induce mucosal injury. Gastric tissues were harvested, grossly examined, and processed for histological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical studies. Stained sections were examined and quantified using image-J software. The data were analyzed using IBM-SPSS (version 23), and comparisons were checked via t test and analysis of variance. Results: Mild mucosal erosion was observed in the treated groups, but intense erosion was prominent in the test control animals. There was an insignificant increase in mucous cells, a significant (P < 0.05) increase in Bcl-2 expression without a significant increase in p53 expression in gastric mucosa of pre-treated animals compared to normal control. Gastric mucosa of test control showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mucous cell count and Bcl-2 expression with a significant concomitant increase in p53 expression. Conclusion: Increased mucous cell population and reciprocal expressions of Bcl-2 and p53 proteins in the gastric mucosa of animals highlighted the sub-cellular mechanisms of gastroprotective activity of A. conyzoides.
Assessment of the Antiproliferative Potential of Cissampelos owariensis (P. Beauv) Methanolic Extract in Wistar Rats.
(Journal of Phytology, 2021-12) Omotoso, Dayo
Cissampelos owariensis is a medicinal plant with a wide range of therapeutic uses. In this study, the objective was to further assess its antiproliferative potential using cell proliferation and tumor suppressor markers. Solvent extraction of the plant leaves was done using methanol. Twenty (20) male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups 1–4 (n=5) and respectively administered with methanolic extracts of C. owariensis at 0, 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg for 30 days. After treatment, the hepatic tissues were processed and examined histologically and immunohistochemically for cell proliferation (Ki-67) and tumor suppressor (p53) proteins. Immunoexpression of the proteins was quantified using image-J software, the data analyzed with SPSS version 20 and values compared using t-test and one-way analysis of variance. The histological results showed no significant variation in hepatic histomorphology of treated Groups 2–4 relative to non-treated Group 1. However, the immunohisto chemical results showed significant (p< 0.05) downregulation in Ki-67 protein expression and a concomitant significant (p< 0.05) up-regulation in p53 protein expression in hepatic tissues of treated Groups 2–4 relative to non-treated Group 1.These inverse expression patterns of cell proliferation and tumor suppressor proteins following exposure to methanolic extracts of C. owariensis may suggest the antiproliferative potential of the plant extracts.
Basic Principles of Fluorescence Microscopy
(World J Young Researchers, 2013) Omotoso, Dayo
Fluorescence microscopy is a basic requirement in cell biology , molecular biology and biotechnology . Advancements over the years has helped scientist to trace molecules in live cells and understand the basis of cell metabolism, exchange, mutation and toxicity. In this short communication we seek to explain in simple terms the basic principles of how a fluorescence microscope works. The principles of excitation and emission focuses on the ability of fluorophores to absorb energy from photons and to emit such absorbed energy. The difference between the chemical structures of these fluorephores determines how much energy that is required to excite them and how long a fluorescence signal from a fluorophore will last. The principles of epi-illumination on the other hand describe the arrangement and function of the various components of a fluorescence microscope.
Behavioural Cellular and Neurochemical Alterations in Rat Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus Exposed to Tigernut (Cyperus Esculentus) Treatment
(Journal of Environmental Toxicology and Public Health, 2018-12-18) Arogundade, Tolulope
Investigating substances of plant origin for therapeutic advantages over subcellular mechanisms underlying a number of physiological dysfunctions could foster the development of potent therapeutic strategies for the treatment of these dysfunctions. We explored the effects of Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus) consumption on neurochemical, behavioural and cellular parameters in prefrontal and hippocampal regions of rat brain. Twenty-four (24) adult male Wistar rats with an average weight of 180g±10g were randomly split into 4 (A-D) groups (n=6); Groups A – C received 10mg/kg, 20mg/kg, and 30mg/kg bodyweight of Tigernut extract respectively for 14days, while Group D served as the control receiving distilled water. Animals were sacrificed 24hours after the last day of administration. Behavioural assessment of the cortico-hippocampal neural circuitry in Tigernut–treated rats showed increased memory function compared to control, evidenced by an increase in correct spontaneous alternation in the Tigernut-treated groups. Neural malondialdehyde (MDA) levels was significantly reduced in treated rats in order of increasing dose, while the concentrations of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly increased. These observations hinted at the antioxidant properties of Tigernut. Subsequent analysis of the total antioxidant capacity in animals revealed elevated antioxidant levels significantly in the 10mg/kg and 20mg/kg groups. Furthermore, the microarchitecture of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus appeared normal and well-structured. Our results show that Tigernut has neurotherapeutic and antioxidant properties at moderate doses and can therefore, be used to augment the endogenous production of antioxidants in the different brain regions
Behavioural Cellular and Neurochemical Alterations in Rat Prefrontal cortex and Hippocampus Exposed to Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus) Treatment
(2018-12) Yawson, Emmanuel
Investigating substances of plant origin for therapeutic advantages over subcellular mechanisms underlying a number of physiological dysfunctions could foster the development of potent therapeutic strategies for the treatment of these dysfunctions. We explored the effects of Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus) consumption on neurochemical, behavioural and cellular parameters in prefrontal and hippocampal regions of rat brain. Twenty-four (24) adult male Wistar rats with an average weight of 180g±10g were randomly split into 4 (A-D) groups (n=6); Groups A – C received 10mg/kg, 20mg/kg, and 30mg/kg bodyweight of Tigernut extract respectively for 14days, while Group D served as the control receiving distilled water. Animals were sacrificed 24hours after the last day of administration. Behavioural assessment of the cortico-hippocampal neural circuitry in Tigernut–treated rats showed increased memory function compared to control, evidenced by an increase in correct spontaneous alternation in the Tigernut-treated groups. Neural malondialdehyde (MDA) levels was significantly reduced in treated rats in order of increasing dose, while the concentrations of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly increased. These observations hinted at the antioxidant properties of Tigernut. Subsequent analysis of the total antioxidant capacity in animals revealed elevated antioxidant levels significantly in the 10mg/kg and 20mg/kg groups. Furthermore, the microarchitecture of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus appeared normal and well-structured. Our results show that Tigernut has neurotherapeutic and antioxidant properties at moderate doses and can therefore, be used to augment the endogenous production of antioxidants in the different brain regions
Cadaveric Evaluation of Lumbar Pedicle Morphometry among Nigerians
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2020-09-30) Awoniran, Paul
Pedicle screw is employed in several cases of spine disorders such as fractures, pseudarthrosis, spondylolisthesis, degenerative changes among others. Its essence is to fix the vertebral body in position until fusion is complete. The success of this technique depends on factors like choice of size of screw for a particular pedicle size and shape. Thus, adequate knowledge of the morphometry of lumbar pedicle may avert intraoperative and postoperative complications associated with this technique, especially, neurological impairments. In this study, we determined the vertical and horizontal diameters, interpedicular distance and gender differences of 180 lumbar vertebral pedicles (140 male, 40 female pedicles) using digital vernier calipers. Results revealed a significant increase in pedicle height and width from L2 to L5. Interpedicular distance increased significantly down the vertebrae from L2 to L5. Mean vertical and horizontal diameters, interpedicular distance were not significantly different in both sexes. This study recommends a thorough check of individual’s spinal anatomy in pre-operative assessments.
The Cerebellum under Stress: Dietary African Walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) Abrogates Oxidative Stress-driven Neuropathology Induced by Chronic Unpredictable Stress
(2021-03) Yawson, Emmanuel
Background: Consumption of a healthy diet abundant in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phytochemicals, offers an effective and least expensive way to prevent neurodegeneration. Herein, the role of Tetracarpidium conophorum (African walnut) enriched diet in chronic stress-induced cerebellar neuropathology was investigated Methodology: Twenty-one male Wistar rats were used for this investigation. Rats were randomly assigned into three groups (A, B, and C), each consisting of 7 rats (n = 7). Group A (Control group) were fed control diet; group B rats were subjected to different chronic unpredictable stressors (CUS) + control diet for 21 days, while group C rats were subjected to CUS + Walnut-enriched diet for 21 days. Serum corticosterone levels, the expression level of antioxidant and inflammatory markers, and cytoarchitectural changes in cerebellum were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) immunohistochemistry methods. Results: The walnut-enriched diet prevented astrogliosis, modulated serum corticosterone expression, and tumor necrotic factor-α in the cerebellum. The walnut-enriched diet also caused an improvement in the antioxidant profile, indicating that it suppressed chronic unpredictable stress-induced perturbations. Conclusion: Our results suggest that African walnut exerts protective effects against oxidative stress-driven dysfunction by reducing serum corticosterone levels, modulating oxidative stress pathways, and preventing neuronal morphological damage in the cerebellum.
Changes in the Biochemical, Hematological and Histopathological Parameters in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats and the Ameliorative Effect of Kigelia africana Fruit Extract
(Elsevier, 2020-04-12) Awoniran, Paul
Background: Biochemical, hematological and histological changes are major observable clinical and pathological factors associated with Diabetes mellitus. Derangement in the levels of these parameters increases the risk of the development of complications. In another hand, gastrointestinal intolerance due to the development of lactic acidosis on the gastrointestinal tract and the intestinal microbiome is the toxic side effect of various synthetic antidiabetic agents. The use of Kigelia africana fruit extract for the treatment of diabetes has been scientifically validated. This study therefore aimed at investigating changes in the biochemical, hematological and histological parameters as well as the determination of the functional groups present in the hexane fraction of the fruit. Methods: The fruits were extracted with ethanol and partitioned with n-hexane to obtain the hexane fraction. Diabetic rats induced with streptozotocin (STZ) were divided into 5 groups of 5 animals each and treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight (BW) hexane fraction alongside reference standard; glibenclamide. Fasting blood glucose levels and their body weights were monitored weekly. Animals were sacrificed at the end of 28-day treatment. Blood, liver, and kidney were collected for biochemical, hematological and histopathological analyses. Fourier transform infrared resonance (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis was carried out on the hexane fraction for functional group determination. Results: The hexane fraction of K. africana fruit extract decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels significantly with ameliorative effects on the hematological parameters such as packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and red blood cells (RBC) etc. There were significant regenerative differences in the biochemical activities as well as the renal cortex and midzone sections of the rat's kidney and liver when compared with untreated diabetic rats. The presence of polyphenolic functional groups via FTIR analysis suggested high antioxidant activities of the fruit extract. Conclusion: The use of Kigelia africana fruit extracts protects against biochemical, hematological and histological changes that are injurious to diabetic patients. Therefore, Kigelia africana fruit is a good hepatic- and nephroprotective agent and has a hemato-protective ability.
Comparative Amelioration of Renal Histomorphology by Ascorbic Acid and Camellia sinensis Extract in Wistar Rats Exposed to Lead-Induced Nephropathy
(Annals of Medical Research, 2020) Omotoso, Dayo
To compare the ameliorative effects of ascorbic acid and Camellia sinensis extract on renal histomorphology of lead-induced nephropathic rats. Material and methods: Twenty four rats were randomly grouped into four groups (I–IV) as follows: Normal control group I administered distilled water (5 ml/kg), Test control group II administered lead acetate (2 mg/ml), Treated group III administered lead acetate (2 mg/ml) + ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg), Treated group IV administered lead acetate (2 mg/ml) + Camellia sinensis extract (10 mg/kg). All administrations were done through oral route and lasted for 30 days. Results: Body and renal tissue weight of study animals were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in test control relative to normal control while treated groups showed non-significant reduction. Histological examination of renal tissue showed significant prominence of histopathological features such as inflammation, necrosis and glomerular congestion in test control group while treated groups showed marked reduction. According to the findings of this study, treatment with ascorbic acid or Camellia sinensis extract comparatively exert ameliorative effects on lead-induced nephropathy in Wistar rats which in turn culminates into reparative influence on their renal histomorphology.
Comparative Assessment of Cephalic Index among Bini and Igbo Tribes in Benin City, Nigeria
(2019) Omotoso, Dayo
Background and Objective: In cephalometry, parameters like the head length, head width and cephalic index are very important in the description of human morphology, variation in different gender and races of human population and making comparison between healthy individuals and clinical patients. Furthermore, they can also be used to categorize human head morphology into different types and to make comparative study of different human populations. This comparative study was carried out to describe the cranial morphology among adolescent and young adult individuals of Bini and Igbo ethnic groups in Nigeria. Methodology: This study involved 260 Bini and 245 Igbo subjects between ages 11 – 25 years. The head length of each subject was measured between the glabella and inion while the head breadth measured between the parietal prominences using spreading and sliding calipers. The cephalic index of each subject was calculated as the ratio of the head breadth to it length expressed as a percentage Results: The mean cephalic indices among the two tribes were higher in males than in females in all the age groups studied. With increasing age, the cephalic index value decreases among the Bini tribe but increases among the Igbo tribe. Based on the morphological classification of the cephalic index values, the brachycephalic head type was the most prevalent among both Bini (55.4%) and Igbo (66.9) tribes while the least common head type among the Bini and Igbo tribes were hyperbrachycephalic (8.1%) and dolicephalic (0.4%) respectively. Conclusion: The cephalic index demonstrated inter-tribal variation, prominent intra-tribal sexual dimorphism and brachycephalization is the dominant trend in cranial morphology of both Bini and Igbo tribes in Nigeria.
Comparison of Indices of Insulin Resistance and Islet Beta-Cell Dysfunction across Rat Models of Diabetes Mellitus Induced by Modified Diets or Streptozotocin
(2018-04) Yawson, Emmanuel
Background: Induction of insulin resistance in rodents involves the use of Streptozotocin (STZ) or diets high in sucrose, fat or fructose; but the relative degrees of insulin resistance induced by each of these approaches are unclear. Aim and Objectives: We therefore compared the degree to which intraperitoneal STZ with or without high-fat or high-fructose diet would induce insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and islet β-cell dysfunction in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Subsets of STZ-injected rats administered streptozotocin at 30 mg/kg body weight for five successive days were fed normal diet (STZ), or diets high in fat or fructose for 30 or 60 days. Normoglycaemic rats on normal rodent chow, High Fat Diet (HFD) or High Fructose Drink (HFrD) constituted the control (CTR), HFD or HFrD groups, respectively. Rats were anaesthetized and sacrificed at 30 or 60 days of high fat or fructose feeding followed by measurement of fasting plasma glucose and insulin; and calculation of the HOMA-IR and HOMA-%β. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) was done 48 hours prior to killing the animals. Results: Glucose tolerance and islet β-cell function were most severely perturbed in the STZ-injected hyperglycaemic rats fed diets high in fructose or fat, as indicated by the significantly increased (p<0.05) HOMA-IR or decreased HOMA%β (p<0.05) at 30 or 60 days compared with the CTR, STZ or diet-only groups. Weekly blood glucose was most markedly and significantly (p<0.05) elevated in these same (STZ+diet) groups, with impaired OGTT. Conclusion: The profound impairment of glucose tolerance and β-cell function in the STZ-induced hyperglycemic rats fed high-fat or high-fructose diet support the continued use of such models in the characterization of the molecular events associated with insulin resistance, and the testing of novel therapeutic interventions.

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