Department of Anatomy

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Nasofacial Anthropometry of Adult Bini Tribe In Nigeria
(2011) Omotoso, Dayo
Variation is a common phenomenon in the physiognomy of humans. Therefore, physical anthropometry provides the techniques to assess human body dimensions and to describe morphological variations that exist among different human population. This study was conducted to describe the physical morphometric characteristics of face and nose of the Bini tribe in Nigeria. It involved 450 Bini subjects (230 males and 220 females) aged between 16 to 35 years. The results showed sexual dimorphism in all the dimensions of face and nose studied with the males having higher mean values than the females. The mean facial and nasal indices was 86.93 and 97.32 respectively. This implied the prevalence of mesoproscopic face type and platyrrhine nose type among the Bini tribe in Nigeria. This study showed age and gender as important factors in the description of human physiognomy.
Neuroprotective Properties of NMDA R1 Antagonist (Ketamine) in Cyanide Treated Neuronsin vitro
(SDI, 2012) Omotoso, Dayo
Aims:This study aims at investigating possible means of reducing cyanide toxicity by blocking NMDA R1 via ketamine (an NMDA R1 antagonist). This is to provide a template for quick arrest of cyanide toxicity in neurons under oxygen deprived condition. Place and Duration of Study:Bingham University, Department of Anatomy, Karu, Nigeria. The duration of the study was100 minutes. Methodology:Freshly harvested cortical tissue blocks were perfused in accessory cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) containing all the necessary salts and glucose. The cultures were treated with ACSF (Control), ACSF+KCN (potassium cyanide), ACSF+KCN+Ketamine and ACSF+Ketamine for a total duration of 100 minutes at 37ºC. Results:The Ketamine hada protective and reversal effects on the tissues both for oxygen deprivation and cyanide toxicity, The cells in tissues treated with ACSF+KCN+Ketamine showed normal appearance of cell body and axonal projections, the cells treated with ACSF+Ketamine showed fewer degenerating cells compared to those treated with cyanide. Conclusion:Ketamine, an NMDA R1 antagonist is neuroprotective against the toxicity of cyanide.
Nasofacial Indices among Children in Southern Nigeria
(2012) Omotoso, Dayo
The facial and nasal indices are among the most important cephalometric parameters useful in inter- racial and intra- racial morphological classification and categorization. They are useful in the description of the facial and nasal morphological characteristics of human population in different geographical location. This study was carried out to describe the naso- facial morphology of children in the Southern part of Nigeria. Four hundred and eighty children aged 5 to 15 years were randomly selected to represent the larger population. The mean facial index for the male and female children was 87.15 ± 1.70 and 86.25 ± 1.70 respectively. The mean nasal index for the male and female children was 93.45 ± 1.66 and 89.62 ± 1.58 respectively. The nasal index value showed significant sexual variation with the male subjects having higher values than female subjects but the facial index values was not significantly different across gender. This study showed the prevalence of the mesoproscopic face type and the platyrrhine nose type among the children of Southern Nigeria
Post Consolidation Profitability Ranking of Nigerian Banks
(European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2012) Sanni, Micheal Rotimi
This paper ranked nineteen (19) out of the existing twenty-four (24) post 2006 consolidation banks in Nigeria on the basis of their cumulative Earnings Per Share (EPS) from 2006-2010 Four banks were excluded because their financial reports for the whole period were not available The fifth was excluded because it was foreign owned for the greater part of the period under review This exercise was done against the back ground of speculations that only eight (8) of the exiting hanks are healthy while six (6) are said to be at the verge of extinction Bath the descriptive and ANOVA statistical methods were used to analyze the data sourced from the published financial statements of the banks over the period under review Findings showed that the post consolidation EPS mean of nine (9) of the banks were above average. There is a significant difference between the mean EPS of the top most banks and the rescued ones. Zenith Bank, First Bank, UBA and GTB are the four top leading banks while Intercontinental Bank, Unity Bank, Wema Bank and Fin Bank are at the bottom of the ladder. The mean EPS of the 2009 rescued banks are negative. They definitely need more than the 2009 bailout to survive. The ongoing merger talks among the banks and the. signing of Memorandum of understanding by them with core investors are therefore seen as the right steps in the right direction
Potency of Monetary and Fiscal Policy Instruments on Economic Activities of Nigeria (1960-2011)
(Journal of African Macroeconomic Review J.A.M.R Journal of African Macroeconomic Review, 2012) Sanni, Micheal Rotimi
The paper empirically investigated the use of fiscal policy and monetary policy in controlling the economic activities in Nigeria. This was done with the aim of finding out which of the two policies is superior to another. Time series data (from 1960-2011) were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria. (CBN) on such economic variables as Debt Financed Deficits (DFD), Fiscal Deficit Ratio (FDR) and Money Printing Financed Deficits (MPFD)-(proxies for fiscal policy) on one hand and monetary policy. proxy by Narrow Money Supply (MI) and Broad Money Supply (M2) on the other hand. The data were analyzed using Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) method Findings showed that monetary policy instruments exert more influence on the economy when all the five variables were used. The exclusion of MPFD however indicated otherwise. Though no causality exists between the GDP and cach of the variables, the probabilities of the GDP not granger causing monetary policy instruments are less than those of fiscal policy instruments. The conclusion one can easily reach is that none of the policies can be said to be superior to another and that a proper mix of the policies may enhance a better economic growth
Acid Buffering Effects of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Ocimum gratissimum L. in the Rabbit Stomach
(2013) Omotoso, Dayo
Background/aims: Although the gastroprotective properties of Ocimum gratissimum L. have been mentioned, the exact mechanism is yet to be explored. Since acid output plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of gastric ulceration, the present study was aimed at investigating the effect of leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum on gastric luminal pH, acid output, parietal cell mass and gastric mucous cell population in rabbits. Materials and Methods: The model of pyloric ligation for acid secretion and ulcer study was employed. Prior to the 4 h ligation, male New Zealand rabbits were treated orally with 75 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg b.w aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum twice daily for three weeks. The antisecretory and antiulcer effect of Ocimum gratissimum was compared with omeprazole (20 mg/kg p.o). Parietal cell mass and gastric mucous cell population were determined in the gastric samples by histometry. Results: Aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum caused significant reduction in ulcer formation, gastric secretion volume and acid output in a dose dependent manner (p<0.05). Percentage inhibition was recorded as 29%, 46.2%, 52.9% for ulcer; and 16.2%, 35.9%, 52.1% for acid output upon pretreatment with 75 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg b.w respectively. Parietal cell mass was also reduced while gastric mucous cell population and luminal pH increased accordingly when compared to the control group. Data were comparable with the antisecretory effect of omeprazole. Conclusion: The results indicate that the anti-secretory activity of Ocimum gratissimum may be the anti-ulcer mechanism of this plant.
Acute Effects of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Aspilia Africana c.d. Adams on some Haematological Parameters in Rats
(African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 2013) Omotoso, Dayo
Several medicinal plants have been documented for their haematological effects either at low or high concentration but very little is known about Aspilia africana. The aim of the study was to investigate the acute effects of aqueous leaf extract of Aspilia africana at different concentrations on some haematological parameters in rats. Following 14 days of oral administration of aqueous extract of A. africana, Haematocrit (HCT), Haemoglobin concentration (HB), Mean Cell Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), Red Blood Cell Count (RBC Count), Total White Blood Cell Count (Total WBC Count), Absolute Neutrophils count (NEUT#), Absolute Lymphocytes count (LYM#), Absolute Eosinophils Count (EOSIN#) and Absolute Monocytes (MONO#) were evaluated in twenty (20) male Wistar albino rats. The rats weighed 174±20g, and were randomly assigned into 4 groups viz: Group 1, Control; Group 2, 250mg/Kg/d aqueous extract; Group 3, 500mg/Kg/d aqueous extract; and Group 4, 750mg/Kg/d aqueous extract. HCT, HB, MCHC, RBC Count, Total WBC Count, NEUT#, LYM#, EOSIN# and MONO# were significantly increased (P<0.001) in 500mg/Kg/d of A. africana extract (61.13±1.65%, 13.5±1.29g/dl, 23.33±0.0.02g/dl, 3.68±0.02 X 1012Cells/l, 2.33±0.02 X 109Cells/l, 1.32±0.04 X 109Cells/l, 1.43±0.05 X 109Cells/l, 0.47±0.02 X 109Cells/l and 0.47±0.04 X 109Cells/l, respectively) when compared to the Control (51.13±0.85%, 9.56±0.43g/dl, 19.22±0.19g/dl, 2.69±0.01 X 1012Cells/l, 1.79±0.01 X 109Cells/l, 0.80±0.00 X 109Cells/l, 0.83±0.00 X 109Cells/l, 0.18±0.00 X 109Cells/l and 0.24±0.00 X 109Cells/l, respectively) which received no extract at all. The 500mg/Kg of A. africana extract proved to be the most effective, while the 750mg/Kg proved to be the least effective in comparison with the control. The results of this study further strengthened the earlier works on the medicinal benefits of Aspilia africana and its virtue as a good pharmacological source of haematopoiesis.
Basic Principles of Fluorescence Microscopy
(World J Young Researchers, 2013) Omotoso, Dayo
Fluorescence microscopy is a basic requirement in cell biology , molecular biology and biotechnology . Advancements over the years has helped scientist to trace molecules in live cells and understand the basis of cell metabolism, exchange, mutation and toxicity. In this short communication we seek to explain in simple terms the basic principles of how a fluorescence microscope works. The principles of excitation and emission focuses on the ability of fluorophores to absorb energy from photons and to emit such absorbed energy. The difference between the chemical structures of these fluorephores determines how much energy that is required to excite them and how long a fluorescence signal from a fluorophore will last. The principles of epi-illumination on the other hand describe the arrangement and function of the various components of a fluorescence microscope.
Hepatotoxic Effect of Potassium Bromate on the Liver of Wistar Rats
(IISTE, 2013-01-12) Awoniran, Paul
in the bread-making process as well as a dough conditioner for flour. It is generated as a contaminant in drinking water due to conversion of bromide found naturally in water to bromate by ozone which is used as disinfectant. Materials and Methods: Thirty animals were randomly divided into six groups, five rats each. The treated groups received potassium bromate in drinking water for 21 days. Control group received distilled water and feed, group one, received 140 mg/L of KBrO3 in drinking water for 3 week, group two: This group contained 10 rats which were divided into two group containing 5 rats each i.e. group A & B. The rats in Group 2A and 2B received 170 mg/L of KBrO3 in drinking water, thereafter, KBrO3 was withdrawn from the animals in group 2B for another 2 weeks, group three received 200 mg/L of KBrO3 in drinking water for 3 weeks, group four: This group contained 5 rats which received KBrO3 at dose level of 200mg/L in drinking water with co – administration of vitamin E through oral route for 3 weeks. Results: The histology results revealed distortion in tissue architecture, congestion of the central vein and sinusoidal dilatation as well as cell necrosis in all the treatment. Conclusion: The use of KBrO3 in edibles may not be advisable as it is not liver friendly.
Anti-ulcerogenic Activity of Aspilia Africana Leaf Extract: Roles of Gastric Acid, Oxidative Stress and Neutrophil Infiltration
(African Journal of Biomedical Research, 2014-09) Omotoso, Dayo
Aqueous decoction of Aspilia africana C.D Adams (Asteraceae) is an effective antiulcer agent in Southern Nigeria, but little is known about the possible underlying mechanisms. This study investigated the role of gastric acid, neutrophil infiltration and oxidative stress in the anti-ulcerogenic properties of aqueous leaf extract of Aspilia africana (ALEAA) in rats. Male albino rats were treated with 250, 500, 750 mg/kg ALEAA for 21 days. Gastric ulceration was induced by indomethacin, scored, and assayed to determine the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in homogenized samples. Acid output was measured by pyloric ligation method while neutrophil infiltration evaluated by histometry. Indomethacin caused gastric ulcer with an index of 7.50 ± 0.23, increase in MDA concentration and reduction in the concentration SOD and CAT (p<0.05). Pre-treatment with 500 and 750 mg/kg of ALEAA prevented ulcer formation by 45% and 62%, and lipid peroxidation 51% and 57% respectively while SOD and CAT increased in a similar manner. Also, acid output significantly reduced in the 500 and 750 mg/kg ALEAA treated rats by 25% and 36%. Neutrophil infiltration of the ulcerated stomach pretreated with the three doses decreased (21.5 ± 1.40 cells/field, 15.0 ± 2.50 cells/field, and 11.3 ± 1.00 cells/field versus 42.7 ± 5.50 cells/field). Aspilia africana enhanced gastroprotection via reduction of acid output, neutrophil infiltration and oxidative stress.
Plasma Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) Concentrations at the Different Phases of the Oestrus Cycle in Clomiphene Treated Female Rats
(Physiological Society of Nigeria, 2017) Omotoso, Dayo
Interleukin - 1β (IL-1β) is a signal molecule known for its role in inflammation and immune response. However, there are reports on the possible effects of IL-1β in ovulation and various aspects on female reproduction. It was therefore necessary to determine plasma IL-1β levels in female rats administered ovulation inducing agent clomiphene citrate. In this work, a total of forty (40) female wistar rats weighing between 150g and 225g were used. Twenty of the rats were administered 0.14mg/kg clomiphene citrate orally daily for five days while the other twenty which served as control, received normal saline. The phases of the oestrus cycle (proestrus, estrus, metestrus and diestrus) were determined between the hours of 8.30am and 10.00am on the sixth day prior to collection of blood sample by cardiac puncture. The plasma IL-1β concentrations were determined using rat IL-1β ELISA kits. From the experiment, 41.2% of the control rats were in the diestrus phase while 42.1% of the clomiphene citrate treated rats were in the estrus phase. The IL-1β plasma concentrations were higher in clomiphene treated rats at all the phases of the oestrus cycle of experimental rats when compared with the control. The increase in plasma IL-1β was significant (p˂0.05) in the estrus phase of the clomiphene citrate treated rats (550.53pg/ml) when compared with the control (304.42pg/ml). The high plasma concentration of IL-1β at the estrus phase of clomiphene citrate treated rats suggests its possible involvement in oocyte maturation and ovulation which characterizes the phase.
Ascorbic Acid Ameliorates Behavioural Deficits and Neuropathological Alterations in Rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
(Elsevier Ltd, 2017-02) Yawson, Emmanuel
Exploring the links between neural pathobiology and behavioural deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and investigating substances with known therapeutic advantages over subcellular mechanisms underlying these dysfunctions could advance the development of potent therapeutic molecules for AD treatment. Here we investigated the efficacy of ascorbic acid (AA) in reversing aluminium chloride (AlCl3)-induced behavioural deficits and neurotoxic cascades within prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus of rats. A group of rats administered oral AlCl3 (100mg/kg) daily for 15days showed degenerative changes characterised by significant weight loss, reduced exploratory/working memory, frontal-dependent motor deficits, cognitive decline, memory dysfunction and anxiety during behavioural assessments compared to control. Subsequent analysis showed that oxidative impairment-indicated by depleted superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxidation (related to glutathione-S-transferase activity), cholinergic deficits seen by increased neural acetylcholinesterase (AChE) expression and elevated lactate dehydrogenase underlie behavioural alterations. Furthermore, evidences of proteolysis were seen by reduced Nissl profiles in neuronal axons and dendrites which correspond to apoptotic changes observed in H&E staining of PFC and hippocampal sections. Interestingly, AA (100mg/kg daily for 15days) significantly attenuated behavioural deficits in rats through inhibition of molecular and cellular stressor proteins activated by AlCl3. Our results showed that the primary mechanisms underlying AA therapeutic advantages relates closely with its abilities to scavenge free radicals, prevent membrane lipid peroxidation, modulate neuronal bioenergetics, act as AChE inhibitor and through its anti-proteolytic properties. These findings suggest that supplementing endogenous AA capacity through its pharmacological intake may inhibit progression of AD-related neurodegenerative processes and behavioural alterations.
Ascorbic Acid Ameliorates Behavioural Deficits and Neuropathological Alterations in Rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
(Elsevier, 2017-02-06) Arogundade, Tolulope
Exploring the links between neural pathobiology and behavioural deficits in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and investigating substances with known therapeutic advantages over subcellular mechanisms underlying these dysfunctions could advance the development of potent therapeutic molecules for AD treatment. Here we investigated the efficacy of ascorbic acid (AA) in reversing aluminium chloride (AlCl3)-induced behavioural deficits and neurotoxic cascades within prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus of rats. A group of rats administered oral AlCl3 (100 mg/kg) daily for 15 days showed degenerative changes characterized by significant weight loss, reduced exploratory/working memory, frontal-dependent motor deficits, cognitive decline, memory dysfunction and anxiety during behavioural assessments compared to control. Subsequent analysis showed that oxidative impairment-indicated by depleted superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxidation (related to glutathione-S-transferase activity), cholinergic deficits seen by increased neural acetylcholinesterase (AChE) expression and elevated lactate dehydrogenase underlie behavioural alterations. Furthermore, evidences of proteolysis were seen by reduced Nissl profiles in neuronal axons and dendrites which correspond to apoptotic changes observed in H&E staining of PFC and hippocampal sections. Interestingly, AA (100 mg/kg daily for 15 days) significantly attenuated behavioural deficits in rats through inhibition of molecular and cellular stressor proteins activated by AlCl3. Our results showed that the primary mechanisms underlying AA therapeutic advantages relates closely with its abilities to scavenge free radicals, prevent membrane lipid peroxidation, modulate neuronal bioenergetics, act as AChE inhibitor and through its anti-proteolytic properties. These findings suggest that supplementing endogenous AA capacity through its pharmacological intake may inhibit progression of AD-related neurodegenerative processes and behavioural alterations.
Dose-Dependent Effect of Black Mustard Seeds (Brassica Nigra) Extract on the Prefrontal Cortex of Adult Wistar Rats
(Turkish Society of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy (TSACA), 2017-09-02) Arogundade, Tolulope
Objectives: Mustard seeds, apart from being a culinary essential, have had medicinal applications dating back to the time of Hippocrates. It has in fact been once mentioned as the greatest herb ever. We explored the dose dependent effects of the crude aqueous extract of Brassica nigra (Black mustard seeds) on the prefrontal cortex of adult Wistar rats. Methods: 20 adult female rats weighing an average of 180±20 g were used. They were split into 4 groups (n=5); Group A (received extract at 200 mg/kg body weight), Group B (received extract at 100 mg/kg body weight), Group C (received extract at 50 mg/kg body weight), and Group D (received distilled water ad libitum). All of the animals were subjected to the Y-maze spontaneous alternation test for neurobehavioural analyses following 28-day administration of the extracts. Animals were sacrificed 24 hours after taking the last day of administration. Results: Our results showed that neurobehavioural analyses are significantly hampered in animals receiving 200 mg/kg extract in comparison to the control group. In treatment groups, increased dose of extract elevated the level of MDA, but reduced the level of SOD. LDH levels were also significantly increased in the 200 mg/kg treated group when comparing with the control. General microarchitecture in the prefrontal cortex of 200 mg/kg Brassica nigra treated group showed signs of karyolysis and pyknosis. Conclusion: Brassica nigra (black mustard) is not innocuous and therefore it should be consumed in moderation
Pyrethroids Exposure: Implications for Testicular Dysfunction in Rats
(2018-01) Yawson, Emmanuel
Pyrethroids are synthetic pesticides which at low dose of exposure are harmless to humans but at environmentally high concentrations they cause debilitating effects in humans and animals alike. Lack of regulation of the insecticide applications in agriculture and among Nigerian households is therefore a cause for health concern. The reproductive effects of these chemicals are not precisely known. Twenty healthy, sexually active male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups. Three groups were exposed to the insecticide in sprayed puffs from the aerosolized insecticide for 15, 30 and 45 seconds/day respectively in air – tight plastic housing for 60 days while one group served as the untreated control. All animals were euthanized via cervical dislocation; the testes were excised and fixed in Bouin’s fluid for routine histological studies using haematoxylin and eosin. The cauda epididymis was also excised for semen quality evaluation. Reduced body weight, alteration of testicular microstructure and significant increase in the proportion of abnormal and non-motile sperm cells were observed in animals exposed to pyrethroid. Exposure to pyrethroid insecticide may lead to body weight loss accompanied with testicular dysfunction possibly leading to sterility in the rats.
Comparison of Indices of Insulin Resistance and Islet Beta-Cell Dysfunction across Rat Models of Diabetes Mellitus Induced by Modified Diets or Streptozotocin
(2018-04) Yawson, Emmanuel
Background: Induction of insulin resistance in rodents involves the use of Streptozotocin (STZ) or diets high in sucrose, fat or fructose; but the relative degrees of insulin resistance induced by each of these approaches are unclear. Aim and Objectives: We therefore compared the degree to which intraperitoneal STZ with or without high-fat or high-fructose diet would induce insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and islet β-cell dysfunction in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Subsets of STZ-injected rats administered streptozotocin at 30 mg/kg body weight for five successive days were fed normal diet (STZ), or diets high in fat or fructose for 30 or 60 days. Normoglycaemic rats on normal rodent chow, High Fat Diet (HFD) or High Fructose Drink (HFrD) constituted the control (CTR), HFD or HFrD groups, respectively. Rats were anaesthetized and sacrificed at 30 or 60 days of high fat or fructose feeding followed by measurement of fasting plasma glucose and insulin; and calculation of the HOMA-IR and HOMA-%β. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) was done 48 hours prior to killing the animals. Results: Glucose tolerance and islet β-cell function were most severely perturbed in the STZ-injected hyperglycaemic rats fed diets high in fructose or fat, as indicated by the significantly increased (p<0.05) HOMA-IR or decreased HOMA%β (p<0.05) at 30 or 60 days compared with the CTR, STZ or diet-only groups. Weekly blood glucose was most markedly and significantly (p<0.05) elevated in these same (STZ+diet) groups, with impaired OGTT. Conclusion: The profound impairment of glucose tolerance and β-cell function in the STZ-induced hyperglycemic rats fed high-fat or high-fructose diet support the continued use of such models in the characterization of the molecular events associated with insulin resistance, and the testing of novel therapeutic interventions.
Ethanol Extract of Curcuma longa Rhizome Mitigates Potassium Bromate-Induced Liver Changes in the Wistar Rat: Histological, Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Assessments
(Elsevier, 2018-09-06) Awoniran, Paul
The effects of Curcuma longa rhizome on hepatic cells, glycogen, connective tissue fibres and filamentous cytoskeleton were evaluated following KBrO3-induced liver injury in Wistar rats. Thirty-five male rats were randomly divided into seven groups (n=5). Group 1 were normal saline treated rats. Hepatic injury was induced in groups 2 to 7 by oral administration of 100mg/kg KBrO3 for 2 weeks. Following induction, rats in group 2 were sacrificed while groups 3, 4, 5 were given oral dose of EECLOR at 100, 200, 400mg/kg respectively. Group 6 rats were treated with silymarine while group 7 rats were left untreated. The rats were sacrificed and the liver sections were stained with H&E, Masson trichrome, Gordon and Sweets, PAS, Feulgen reaction, anti-vimentin antibody for demonstration of general histoarchitecture, elastic fibre, collagen fibre; glycogen, nuclear DNA and filamentous cytoskeleton respectively. Groups 2, 3, 7 developed intranuclear vacuolation, plasma coagulation, plamolysis, karyopyknosis, karyorrhexis and karyolysis, hyperchromatism, DNA fading and pleomorphism. Immunohistochemical study revealed near negative immunoreaction for vimentin. These pathological changes were ameliorated in EECLOR-treated groups in a manner comparable to silymarine-treated group. The study concluded that ameliorative effects of EECLOR in KBrO3-induced liver injury could be due to its vimentin stabilization property.
Rat Cerebellar Microanatomy and Neural Oxidative Redox Differentially Affected by Black Mustard Seeds Extract
(Journal of Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, 2018-10) Arogundade, Tolulope
Background: Structural and functional alterations in cortical anatomy by environmental stressors are associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders. Many of these changes are supposed to fore start disease onset and result from environmental exposures. It was previously demonstrated that black mustard extract had a significant impact on the structural and functional integrity of the prefrontal cortex in our previous study. Aim and Objectives: To report effects of the aqueous extract of Brassica nigra (BN) black mustard seeds on the cerebellum of adult Wistar rats at varying doses. Materials and Methods: Twenty adult female rats weighing an average of 180 ± 20g were used. They were split into 4 groups (n = 5) and received administration orally; Group A (received extract at 200 mg/kg body weight), Group B (received extract at 100 mg/kg body weight), Group C (received extract at 50 mg/kg body weight), and Group D (received distilled water ad libitum). Rats from the experimental groups (A-D) were sacrificed 24 hours after the last day of administration which took 28 days, and cerebellar tissues were subjected to routine histochemical and biochemical analyses. Results: Spectrophotometric analyses of glutathione enzymes (GPx, GSH, GST) revealed that BN exerted an inverse dose-related comparative reduction in their neural activities in rats. Cytoarchitectural disposition of neural cells and evaluated Nissl bodies confirmed that BN at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg dose initiated cell death within cerebellar sections of rat brains. Neurons in this brain region showed early signs of apoptosis, hallmarked by intercellular fragmentation, cytoplasmic shrinkage/ condensation and degradation of nuclear materials. Conclusion: Our results suggest that BN is not totally innocuous and thus, should be consumed in moderation.
Behavioural Cellular and Neurochemical Alterations in Rat Prefrontal cortex and Hippocampus Exposed to Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus) Treatment
(2018-12) Yawson, Emmanuel
Investigating substances of plant origin for therapeutic advantages over subcellular mechanisms underlying a number of physiological dysfunctions could foster the development of potent therapeutic strategies for the treatment of these dysfunctions. We explored the effects of Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus) consumption on neurochemical, behavioural and cellular parameters in prefrontal and hippocampal regions of rat brain. Twenty-four (24) adult male Wistar rats with an average weight of 180g±10g were randomly split into 4 (A-D) groups (n=6); Groups A – C received 10mg/kg, 20mg/kg, and 30mg/kg bodyweight of Tigernut extract respectively for 14days, while Group D served as the control receiving distilled water. Animals were sacrificed 24hours after the last day of administration. Behavioural assessment of the cortico-hippocampal neural circuitry in Tigernut–treated rats showed increased memory function compared to control, evidenced by an increase in correct spontaneous alternation in the Tigernut-treated groups. Neural malondialdehyde (MDA) levels was significantly reduced in treated rats in order of increasing dose, while the concentrations of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly increased. These observations hinted at the antioxidant properties of Tigernut. Subsequent analysis of the total antioxidant capacity in animals revealed elevated antioxidant levels significantly in the 10mg/kg and 20mg/kg groups. Furthermore, the microarchitecture of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus appeared normal and well-structured. Our results show that Tigernut has neurotherapeutic and antioxidant properties at moderate doses and can therefore, be used to augment the endogenous production of antioxidants in the different brain regions
Behavioural Cellular and Neurochemical Alterations in Rat Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus Exposed to Tigernut (Cyperus Esculentus) Treatment
(Journal of Environmental Toxicology and Public Health, 2018-12-18) Arogundade, Tolulope
Investigating substances of plant origin for therapeutic advantages over subcellular mechanisms underlying a number of physiological dysfunctions could foster the development of potent therapeutic strategies for the treatment of these dysfunctions. We explored the effects of Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus) consumption on neurochemical, behavioural and cellular parameters in prefrontal and hippocampal regions of rat brain. Twenty-four (24) adult male Wistar rats with an average weight of 180g±10g were randomly split into 4 (A-D) groups (n=6); Groups A – C received 10mg/kg, 20mg/kg, and 30mg/kg bodyweight of Tigernut extract respectively for 14days, while Group D served as the control receiving distilled water. Animals were sacrificed 24hours after the last day of administration. Behavioural assessment of the cortico-hippocampal neural circuitry in Tigernut–treated rats showed increased memory function compared to control, evidenced by an increase in correct spontaneous alternation in the Tigernut-treated groups. Neural malondialdehyde (MDA) levels was significantly reduced in treated rats in order of increasing dose, while the concentrations of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly increased. These observations hinted at the antioxidant properties of Tigernut. Subsequent analysis of the total antioxidant capacity in animals revealed elevated antioxidant levels significantly in the 10mg/kg and 20mg/kg groups. Furthermore, the microarchitecture of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus appeared normal and well-structured. Our results show that Tigernut has neurotherapeutic and antioxidant properties at moderate doses and can therefore, be used to augment the endogenous production of antioxidants in the different brain regions

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