Department of Architecture

Permanent URI for this collection

https://repository.run.edu.ng/handle/123456789/2166

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 60

Appraisal of Ferry Terminals Design Compliance to Guidelines for Universal Accessibility in Lagos State Nigeria
(International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 2020-03) Izobo-Martins, Oladunni
Accessibility of public buildings has been an issue of global interest and importance in the society in recent times. It has been promoted by the need to ensure universal equality and end discrimination of persons either based on size, ability and mobility disorder. Given the important role of water transportation in aiding mobility, movement of goods and services in coastal cities such as Lagos, this study reviewed the compliance of design, construction and operation of Ferry Terminals towards accessibility of users. The research adopts the case study approach and interviews in appraising the three existing Ferry Terminals in Lagos State, Nigeria for accessibility compliance. The case study involved observation and evaluation of the facilities, and the interviews focused on 18 of the ‘facilities operators and passengers’ about their experiences of associated facilities. Findings from the study revealed poor compliance to accessibility in both the external and internal environments. As such, there is a high degree of limitation in use of the facilities for all facets of water travel; from building approach; waiting, boarding and disembarking areas. Existing facilities have inadequate accessibility and are below standards to ensure use by all and without discrimination or segregation of users. It is therefore imperative for Ferry terminal buildings and amenities to be accessible in effectively enabling all users achieve true mobility in barrier-free environments that foster user-comfort through the adoption and application of universal design principles.
Architects’ View on Design Consideration that Can Reduce Maintenance Cost
(Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2018-05) Izobo-Martins, Oladunni
Buildings are designed with the intent of lasting for a certain period of time. Building maintenance in different building typology is described as multi-faceted activities which involve planning, directing, controlling and organizing resources for the sustenance of the building’s physical, functional and operational performance. The research focused on ways cost of maintaining a building was done, effectively or efficiently with the influence of the design approach used. Literatures of works pertaining to building maintenance were reviewed to identify the various impacts, influences that a building design would have on the cost of maintaining any building type. Maintenance departments of educational institutions were surveyed and data analyzed. The study revealed that maintenance culture of buildings could either be positive or negative, based on the quality of design approach used. The study recommends a proper review of building codes and regulations by organizations intending to erect building structures with a view of designers to specified standards and prevent excess maintenance cost in the future
Architecture Students’ Perception of their Learning Environment and their Academic Performances
(Learning Environments Research, 2015-04) Aderonmu, Peter A.
Scholars have agreed that the way students perceive their learning environment influences their academic performances. Empirical studies that focus on architecture students are however very scarce. This is the gap that an attempt has been made to fill in this study. A questionnaire survey of 273 students in a school of architecture in Nigeria provided data for this pilot study. The perceptions of the students were best defined by the involvement of the students in their studies, their perceived support and conduciveness of the learning environment. The students’ perceptions of their learning environment varied with their years of study, ages, and gender. Their perceptions of inflexibility of schedule, positive assessment, and fairness influenced the overall grades of the students. The results suggest the aspects of learning environment that can be manipulated by architectural educators to improve performances of their students. The study of the learning environment of architecture students still appears to be relatively unexplored. The value of this study therefore lies in its exploration of the perceptions of the learning environment from the point of view of students.
Assessing Community Engagement in Tourism Planning and Development in Nigeria: A Case Study of Arinta Waterfall Tourist Resort, Ipole Iloro Ekiti State
(Transnational Journal of Science and Technology, 2012-05) Izobo-Martins, Oladunni
Tourism development and finance is seen as a very viable means of economic development for any country. Apart from generating wealth for the economy, tourist sites also enhance community cohesion and promote peace within the host community. Tourism needs a high level of planning and this has to involve the local community in order for them to have a sense of attachment to the site. This paper reviews the Arinta Waterfall in Iloro Ekiti, Nigeria. it presents the report of a research into how engaged the members of the community are regarding the resort. Interviews were held with key stakeholders in the community and in the state planning authority. Questionnaires were also distributed among staff of the resort as well as community members randomly. The result shows that the community members don’t feel attached to the tourist site hence; there is a strong tendency for them to blame the lack of development and public awareness of the resort of the government officials. This paper however recommends that Community engagement and impact of development must be given high cognisance as lack of community acceptance can have adverse effect on any development; and that there is a need for tourism promotion and awareness. It is indeed disheartening when majority of people living in a neighbourhood are oblivious of the vast natural endowment within their community. Community interest and social capital can be developed through coordinated attempts and effort by the developers and planners by designing sustainable means of engaging with local community groups
Assessing the Impact of Virtual Learning Environments on Architecture Students' Skill Development
(Archiculture, 2023-06) Aderonmu, Peter A.
This study explores the impact of virtual learning environments on architecture students' skill development during the Covid-19 lockdown. The study collected data from architecture students across three private universities in Southwest Nigeria through a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis and factor analysis to identify correlations and patterns in the perceived improvement levels. The results indicate that architecture students experienced significant improvements in various skill areas during the lockdown. Among the respondents, 78% reported enhanced proficiency in digital design and visualization, underscoring their adaptability to digital tools for architectural modeling and rendering. Additionally, 65% of students displayed improved independent learning skills, showcasing their ability to take initiative and explore architectural concepts beyond the traditional classroom setting. Furthermore, 72% of students demonstrated better virtual collaboration skills, emphasizing their capacity to collaborate effectively in online group projects and virtual design presentations. The lockdown also fostered improved time management skills in 61% of students, enabling them to meet project deadlines amidst personal challenges. Moreover, 57% of students developed stronger problem-solving abilities, demonstrating their resilience in finding innovative solutions to design and logistical challenges during the unprecedented circumstances. The research also identified a 63% increase in students refining their presentation skills, adapting to the virtual format for showcasing design ideas verbally and visually. Factor analysis further supported these findings, identifying clusters of skills that exhibited substantial improvements among architecture students during the lockdown. Educational institutions can use these insights to design effective learning approaches that integrate virtual tools and encourage independent learning and problem-solving skills. However, attention should be given to addressing potential disparities in access to resources and technological proficiency to ensure equitable learning experiences. Overall, this study offers valuable implications for architectural education and emphasizes the enduring impact of virtual learning environments on students' skill development. This work suggested further pedagogical investigation in the habitus of virtual learning environments.
Assessing Users’ Perceptions of the Current Maintenance Disorder of Public Secondary School in Ogun, Nigeria
(Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research, 2020-03) Izobo-Martins, Oladunni
The challenges facing public schools are multifaceted and include: teachers dissatisfaction, non-commitment of educators, chronic absenteeism by educators, low morale, poor work ethics by educators, late coming of both educators and learners, overcrowding in classes, lack of technical resources and many more. A cursory investigation of public secondary school build ings in Ado-Odo/Ota L.G.A shows its deplorable conditions of structural, aesthetical and decorative disrepair. Therefore the paper focused on ex amining users “perception of the present deplorable physical condition and neglect of public secondary school. The study engaged the use of quantita tive method of analysis, employing the use of questionnaire administered randomly and distributed face-to-face to targeted despondences”. The re sult of findings revealed performance/productivity of building users de pends largely on working and learning condition of building. The outcomes of the research would help policy makers, facilities maintenance experts and professionals alike to device a policy for regular maintenance of public building in other to enhance performance and increase productivity amongst users.
Assessment of Poor Housing in Informal Settlement, Ogun State, South Western, Nigeria
(International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences, 2018) Izobo-Martins, Oladunni
This paper examines the influence of poverty on housing in informal settlement. Housing ownership has become a paramount thing in Nigeria, due to high cost of rent. This has resulted in informal settlement and sustaining those buildings has become hectic as a result of poverty. This research work was carried out in order to highlight and examine the influence of poor housing on the health and behaviour of the residents in the study area. Data for the study were generated from both primary and secondary school sources, and were equally analyzed through Descriptive statistics. The sampling population was 250 respondents who are representative of the house heads. Findings from the study revealed that the area chosen for the study exhibit slum condition that has denied impact on the socio-economic lifestyles and the health of the residents, as well as the general outlook of the environment. The study then concludes that people should design and build their houses based on their income rather than hoping for a better future. The study also recommends public campaign, to educate the dwellers on the need for good building condition as well to know the danger of abusing their environment
Assessment of Revolutionary Pedagogic Practices in the Architectural Design Studios of Selected Nigerian Universities
(International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 2018-08) Aderonmu, Peter A.
Over the years, there has been a strong criticism against traditional pedagogic practices in architectural design studio education practices. Consequently, several pedagogic approaches have been engaged consciously and unconsciously by different design studio teachers. Along these Chronicles of investigations, little or no empirical record-data has been documented in these regards. Therefore, this study carried out a spectral investigation of Ten (10) revolutionary pedagogic models as didactically practiced in four(4) selected universities in Nigeria. The research methodology employed a survey research design strategy and the primary data were sourced using questionnaires, observations, focus group, and oral interviews. The secondary data was sourced from the literature, archives and other record types. Also, the sampling frame consisted of the design studios, students and teachers in the selected design studios; the unit of analysis was obtained for the teachers and students, design studios of year three (3), four (4) and MSc levels. A multi-stage stratified purposive sampling technique was adopted. Questionnaire responses were analysed using SPSS while content analysis was used for the interviews and observations. The results revealed across the four schools that: participatory pedagogic model had most dominant characteristics within the pedagogic spectrum of these schools. OAU had the most dominant characteristics in revolutionary pedagogic practices than other three schools. Further in-depth revelations showed another layer of dominant characteristics in analogical model by CU teachers and students; while LAUTECH had inherent characteristics in these models. In terms of the teachers and students, this study established that the pedagogic practices employed in these schools behaved differently in the significant indices across the four selected schools. The parametric indices of revolutionary pedagogy as recorded in these findings can be optimized as valid data and pedagogic applications in the Teachers’ instructional guides, Studio Culture policy and Implementation strategy manual, and other forms of Curriculum applications perquisites to the revolutionary architectural education and practice in the society
Assessment of the Impact of Circulation Design on Guests’ Satisfaction with Hotel facilities in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
(International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 2016) Aderonmu, Peter A.
As is true for all service industries, achieving customer satisfaction is a critical component of the success of hotel business. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of guests’ satisfaction with circulation design overall satisfaction with hotel facilities in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. It was motivated by the dearth of published empirical literature on this subject from the Nigerian perspective. A questionnaire survey involving 103 guests drawn from three hotels was conducted between December 2015 and January 2016 in the study area. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, factor and categorical regression analyses. The result reveals that the guests were more satisfied with internal circulation than external circulation in the hotels. The main sources of dissatisfaction were poor usage of signage to direct pedestrian and vehicular traffic; the lack of pedestrian walkways; and poor access to outdoor recreational facilities within the premises of the hotels. The respondents understood the 35 variables used in assessing guests’ satisfaction with circulation in the hotels from five different dimensions of satisfaction with the location of circulation elements and ancillary facilities; satisfaction with access to ancillary facilities; satisfaction with access to circulation elements; satisfaction with the size and shape of circulation elements; and satisfaction with the use of signage and landscaping elements. However, satisfaction with the location of circulation elements and ancillary facilities, access to ancillary facilities and circulation elements; and the use of signage and landscaping elements emerged as the strongest predictors of satisfaction with hotel facilities. The study implies that to ensure improved customer satisfaction with hotel facilities, adequate attention should be given to the use of signage to direct human and vehicular traffic, provision of pedestrian walkways, and access to outdoor recreational facilities
Benefits of Circular Design Adoption in the Nigerian Building Industry
(The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics (EPSTEM), 2023-07) Aderonmu, Peter A.
Circular economy (CE) is hinged upon resource optimisation as a more viable and sustainable approach against the extractivist linear economic model that has resulted in resource scarcity, affordability issues, and environmental degradation. Design plays a critical role as the foundation of the circular approach, however, limited studies have examined the inherent benefits of circular design (CD) adoption from the building design firms’ (BDFs) perspectives, more importantly, none exist in Nigeria to the best of the author’s knowledge. This study assesses the benefits of CD adoption in the Nigerian building industry (NBI). Primary data were collected from 216 architectural and engineering design firms domiciled in Lagos using a questionnaire survey. The findings indicated the top five benefits which include reduction in energy use by efficient utilization through design, development of new skill sets in circularity by design teams, reduction in pollution through reduced burning of fossil fuel, reduction of construction/demolition waste generation, improvement of public health by preserving local biodiversity. While increasing competitiveness amongst BDFs and resource security through optimisation and dematerialisation were ranked the least. The outcome can be ascribed to the fact that Nigeria currently faces an energy crisis with efforts being made in developing energy-efficient buildings and the need to minimize the environmental impact of construction practices. It was suggested that BDFs need to invest in CD expertise development through training and education, voluntary stewardship, and providing the requisite technologies to aid CD implementation. This study provided the basis for the needed debates on the relative benefits of CD adoption in the NBI
Besides Zaha or Adenowo: Investigating the Visibility Status of Female Architects as Role Models for Students of Architecture
(International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 2019-07) Aderonmu, Peter A.
Recent glimpses and revelations from the education and practice of architectural profession suggested that the visibility status of Female Architects as role models for students under tutelage is still hazy [1]. Highly worthy of note is that increasing numbers of female students are enrolled into architecture programs on a yearly basis but when juxtaposed with the high rate of attrition recorded at the point of exit from Nigerian universities, it significantly varies. As stated by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of the United Nations, the fifth objective is to ensure the attainment of gender equality among people in the societies of the world [2]. This paper investigated and reported the findings of a study on the visibility status of female architects as role models for architecture students. Using a sample of 378 (101 females and 277 males) students drawn from 3 private universities in South-west Nigeria, a survey was carried out to find out how visible female architects were as role models to students of architecture. The data were analysed using univariate analysis like proportions and percentages and results were presented in tables. Findings indicated that only 2 female architects popularised by media were cited as role models by more than half of the respondents indicating poor or hazy visibility of other successful women in the field. This paper recommended that pragmatic steps should be taken by stakeholders of the architecture profession at different levels using the more effective visibility windows of media to showcase the high-stake achievements and personalities of successful female architects as role models to inspire both the female architects in practice and same categories under tutelage.
Building Leadership Capacity for Sustainable Governance in Nigeria: lessons from architectural design studio culture
(Sustainable Development and Environmental Protection, 2010) Aderonmu, Peter A.
The national policy on education in Nigeria has its cardinal objective to promote the acquisition of appropriate creative skills, abilities and competence both mental and physical as equipment for the individual to live in and contribute to the development of the society. In most recent times the Nigeria educational system and governance are both at cross-road by contrast to what are obtained in developed nations of the world. Predicated on this basis that, leadership potentials can be activated and built through a systematic-induction process inherent in architectural design studio culture model (learning-by-doing, LBDM), and capable of engendering sustainable development across all fields of human endeavour, including governance. It employed mainly a feedback-mechanism based on the design studio process instruction model. The study drew heavily on the ethical values of this model to justify its potentials in enhancing leadership capacity building in Nigeria. The results revealed the values of optimism, respect, sharing, engagement, and innovation while hinged on core factors of dynamism, teamwork, specification, creativity, intelligence and innovation that are at the heart of sustainable development.
Challenges of Circular Design Adoption in the Nigerian Built Environment: an empirical study
(Elsevier, 2023-10-31) Aderonmu, Peter A.
The architecture, engineering, construction, and operation (AECO) sector significantly contributes to natural resource depletion, pollution, and climate change impacts. The design stage is crucial in the circular economy (CE) approach in the AECO sector. Adopting CE in design faces various challenges, including sociocultural, technical, economic, regulatory, organizational, and technological aspects, among other. Despite increasing research in this area, there is a scarcity of studies addressing these barriers in the Nigerian built environment (NBE), especially at the design firm (DF) level. The study investigated the challenges of CD adoption in the NBE. Through a survey of 307 architectural and engineering DFs in Lagos, Nigeria, data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Economic and knowledge-related challenges emerged as the most significant. The findings were attributed to the newness of CD in the NBE, lack of technical CD knowledge, and short-term mindset of the client, influenced by high resource and construction costs due to the current volatile economy and the issues of high foreign exchange in Nigeria. The study recommended promoting public awareness, training of DFs, establishing voluntary stewardships, regulatory frameworks, and incentives, developing pilot projects and forming international collaborations to expedite CD adoption. The outcomes have the potential to facilitate the development of a CD implementation framework in the NBE. By offering new and valuable insights into CD challenges in developing countries’ AECO sector, and proposing practical enablers for overcoming the unique barriers in the NBE during the implementation process, the study contributed to the global discourse on CD adoption.
Comparison of design studio and jury systems in architectural schools in southwest Nigeria
(Global Journal on Humanites & Social Sciences, 2015) Aderonmu, Peter A.
Examination of architectural design is given prominence in schools of architecture because it is considered as the bedrock of architecture profession. In many Nigerian architectural schools, the jury system is used to examine the students' architectural design studio projects. However, it is observed that the system has applied in various schools may be prone to subjectivisms and variations of the jurors. The aim of this paper is to critically examine the jury system as applied in two schools of architecture located in southwest Nigeria. While one school is domiciled in a government owned university, the other is located in a privately owned university. Data is based on analysis of relevant documents, observation of jury assessment processes and group discussions with staff and students. Result revealed that jury processes in the schools showed more similarities rather than differences. Furthermore, the jury system also aids in the teaching and learning of students. The paper concludes that to improve learning dynamics in architectural design studio, learning environments must incorporate diverse delivery and jury assessment modes that retort to student learning styles.
Curbing Fire Outbreaks in Public Places: case studies of selected markets in Lagos
(Archiculture, 2023-03) Aderonmu, Peter A.
Fire outbreaks are frequently occurring cause of loss of property and lives in the Nigerian market scene. Although this menace of market fire outbreak has been a recurring index since the early 2000s up till now, a lot of marketplaces still do not have standard fire protection measures in place to prevent fire outbreak. A study which was carried out by the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) showed that some causes of fires in Nigeria include negligence and carelessness, these are found to be the root causes of fire outbreaks in general. This study identified the effects of fire outbreaks in over fifty-four market locations Lagos, Nigeria. Detailed survey was carried to ascertain research findings in three main markets in Lagos i.e., Tejuosho ultra-modern market, New Alade market and Balogun market. The study is aimed at identifying the effects of fire outbreaks and to improve on the architectural design typology of market spaces. Primary data for this research was obtained with the use of questionnaires while secondary dataset was obtained from online data mining. Aside from the general findings of fire outbreaks i.e., loss of lives, goods, property and decline in the quality of life of the market stakeholders, the study proffered different architectural design typological solutions to curb fire outbreaks in market spaces i.e., spatial mapping of market location with respect to its goods and services, engagement of well-trained technical personnel for fire control, spatial mapping, artificial intelligence e.t.c. This study recommended a holistic architectural designs and effective fire management systems in the master planning of market spaces. This study suggested that further studies be engaged to investigate other architectural design solutions to curb fire outbreaks in market spaces.
Deserted Studio and Culture in Architecture Schools: issues of policy and implementation strategies
(Global Journal on Humanites & Social Sciences, 2015) Aderonmu, Peter A.
Architectural design studio engages students, teachers and other stakeholders in countless activities that results in the term ‘studio culture’. Traditionally, the culture comprised of experiences, habits and patterns within the studio space. These unique learning environments have been observed to be deserted by students due to some factors that were either neglected or not properly positioned in the context of the schools’ ‘modus operandi’. This paper examined the attitudes of students towards design studio in schools of architecture. An in-depth investigation of studio culture, policy, implementation strategies and students’ attitudes was carried out in lieu of deserted studio. It was tailored after the studio culture policies of four (4) selected schools in south-west Nigeria. Findings revealed that culture demystification, motivational factors and institutional policies are some of the factors responsible for deserted studio. The study showed commonalities and varied conceptual indices of the terms "studio culture" in each case. The study recommended specificity of sustainable studio culture policy, operation and implementation strategies for architecture schools in Nigeria as a way of curbing the menace of deserted studios.
Determinants of Application of Research Methodologies in Architecture Programs in Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
(International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 2020-02) Aderonmu, Peter A.
Research methodologies (R.Ms) employed in carrying out studies have been found in diverse contexts to influence the outcome. This study examined the determinants of applications of R.Ms in undergraduate and postgraduate studies in Department of Architecture Covenant University Ota, Nigeria. The objectives include analysis of the identified R.Ms attributes and identification of the factors influencing applications of the R.Ms employed in architecture research programs (B.Sc., M.Sc., and M.Phil./Ph.D Degrees) in the University. The methodology adopted for the work is the cross-sectional survey of the 153 final year B.Sc., the M.Sc., and the Ph.D Students using 5-point Likert Scale questionnaire as data collection instruments; and interview of 16 of the students across the levels. Data obtained from the survey; and interview of the students were subjected to descriptive statistics (percentages and frequencies) and inferential statistics (Kruskal-Wallis Test, Linear multiple regression and Cross-tabulation). The results showed that Level/Program (.428), Rating of appropriateness of methodology for current or terminal research (.046), Gender (.044), Type of terminal research (.040), Distance of Residence to Department (.023), are the principal five (5) of the 13 predictors of the dependent variable in the study (representing 72.99% of total contribution to the model with R Square of .796).The study recommended commencement of ‘research methodology course’ which used to be in 400 Level Alpha to be moved from 300 Level Omega to 200 Level Alpha and Omega for early higher mastery, and for supervisors to consciously ensure more applications of R.Ms at undergraduate level beginning from 200 Level. Also female students are to apply quantitative RM more than their usual practice even from early part of undergraduate level.
Difference in Grading Parameters in Architectural Schools and its Impact on the Competency Rating of Future Professionals
(Frontiers of Architectural Research, 2015) Aderonmu, Peter A.
rchitectural education in Nigeria is divided into at wo-tier training system of four and two years for undergraduate and postgraduate study, respectively. After the completion of postgraduate study, a student is deemed competent to take the professional practice examination. Success in this examination qualifies a student to be registered as an architect. The competency rating of future professionals in architectural schools in Nigeria is determined through a jury system of scoring based on predetermined grading parameters. However, the grading parameters adopted by assessing authorities (academic professors and practitioners representing the professional body) differ. The difference in the grading parameters employed by the two approved assessing authorities in Nigeria was investigated in this study. Covenant University in Nigeria was used as a case study. The grading parameters and scores for the 2013 academic session were compared to determine similarities and differences, which might have affected the competency rating of students. Descriptive statistics was employed to analyze the data obtained. Results showed a significant difference in scoring by the two authorities. This difference had a significant consequence on the competency rating of students.
The Domestic Architecture in Benin, A Good Place for Building Resilience
(BEST: International Journal of Humanities, Arts, Medicine and Sciences (BEST: IJHAMS), 2015-03) Izobo-Martins, Oladunni
The domestic architecture in Benin has undergone an elastic process evolution from the pre-colonial period to the post-independence period. This is so because the people of Benin developed a social system which resulted in a transition process of traditional values that are firmly rooted in the past that will not endanger the future. The paper identified key concepts of resilience/vulnerability in the context of community vulnerable to the built environment, using a case study of Benin domestic architecture as methodology. The case study focuses on the resilience of core area houses to the influence of modern building styles while considering climate change on the city in the last few years as it affect resilience to core area planning and core area building materials within city. The result of the findings showed the core area buildings are vulnerable to change due to urbanization and climate change issues but at the time the building quite resilient and adaptive to transformation issues due to some factors which are outside the scope of this study
Effects of Design Studio Culture on Creativity of Architecture Students
(Archiculture, 2017-12) Aderonmu, Peter A.
Architectural education will not be complete without due reference to its studio culture. This Culture consists of habits, patterns and experiences expressed by students in their design studio. The design studio culture has been observed to have affect creativity of students over the years. This paper examines the effect of design studio culture already existing from the review of literature. The study survey method was adopted to obtain quantitative data from the students through the use of structured questionnaires which were administered in the selected schools in southwest Nigeria. The data gotten were subjected to factor and regression analysis using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Results gotten showed that the students perceived the other factors to be the core components of design studio culture in addition to those already identified in the review of literature. The findings also indicated that only five(5) of these components affects architecture students’ creativity. This paper recommends that the awareness of studio culture should be promoted through the departmental policies as a way of improving students creativity. Findings for this study are expected to provide the universities with empirical grounds that will aid policies and reforms directed at improving academic performance of architecture students

Browse

Browsing Department of Architecture by Title

Results Per Page

Sort Options