Department of Medical Laboratory Science

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Anti-biofilm Activity of Indigenous Dentrifices MassulariaAcuminata LinnandDistemonanthusbenthamianus Baill on biofilm forming cariogenic bacteria
(Nigerian Journal of Microbiology, 2017) Sossou, Ibukun T.
Biofilms are heterogeneous conglomerate of microorganisms which play a significant role in causing dental caries in human. This study investigated the characteristics and antibiotics susceptibility profile of biofilm forming bacteria associated with dental caries. Questionnaire was administered and dental caried swab samples were collected from patients in two dental centers, in Abeokuta, Ogun state, Nigeria. Biochemical and molecular techniques were used for further identification and characterization of bacterial isolates. Tube assay method was used to screen for biofilm forming bacteria. Sensitivity test was done using agar well-diffusion techniques on commonly used toothpaste, indigenous dentifrices (Massularia acuminata and Distemonanthus benthamianus) and antibiotics. Prevalence of caries was higher among females (59.8%) compared to males (40.2%). The age of patients mostly affected ranged between 20 and35 years. The molar teeth were majorly affected with caries (72.5%), with the left lower jaws mostly infected (46.1%). Out of 274 bacterial isolates, Streptococcus mutans was the most prevalent (22.6%), Staphylococcus aureus (19.7%), Enterobacteraerogenes (15.0%), Klebsiellapneumonia (12.8%), followed by Lactobacillussalivarius (11.3%), Bacillus subtilis (10.7%) and Escherichia coli (8.0%) respectively. Biofilm formation assay showed that out of 274 isolates 197 (71.9%) were biofilm formers. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the toothpastes used. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in inhibitory effect between M. acuminata aqueous compared with D. benthamianus. Gram-positive bacteria were sensitive to erythromycin, while the Gram negative bacteria were sensitive to septrin. This study showed that dental caries in Abeokuta affects all ages and groups with pathogenic Streptococcus mutans been the most frequently occurring cariogens. Toothpastes are more effective than the use of indigenous dentifrices in preventing dental caries.
Antibacterial Effect of Five Selected Nigerian Medicinal Plant Extracts
(FUW Trends in Science & Technology Journal, 2022) Sossou, Ibukun T.
The search for new drugs to combat infectious diseases and emergence of resistant microorganisms stimulated this research. This study was therefore designed to screen and compare five selected medicinal plants extracts used in Nigeria as traditional medicine for their antibacterial effects. These plants include Harungana madagascariensis Lam. Ex Poir and Enantia chlorantha Oliv. barks, Senna alata Linn., Gossypium hirsutum Linn. and Alstonia bonnie De Wild leaves. Agar well diffusion method was carried out to test Ethanol extracts against reference strains of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Tube dilution method was carried out to determine both Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extracts. Data were analysed using ANOVA at p = 0.05. Harungana madagascariensis, E. chlorantha and S. alata crude extracts exhibited broad spectrum antibacterial activity by inhibiting all the tested bacterial species with 24.3±0.3, 25.7±0.3 and 27.7±0.6 (mm) in diameter zones of inhibition respectively. The MIC of the extracts ranged from 5.0 to 20.0 mg/mL while the MBC ranged from 20.0 to 30.0 mg/mL. Enantia chlorantha, exhibited MIC of 5.0mg/ml against S, aureus and P. aeruginosa. Enantia chlorantha and A. bonnie showed MBC of 20mg/ml against P. aeruginosa and E. coli respectively. The five selected plant extracts exhibited antibacterial activities which justify their use for treatment in traditional medicine. They could serve as alternative sources of antibacterial agents against resistant strains of microorganisms.
Antibiotic Resistant Pattern of Some Pathogenic Bacteria and Candida albicans Isolated from Asymptomatic Adolescents and their Susceptibility to Four Medicinal Plant Extracts
(INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH, 2013) Sossou, Ibukun T.
Sexually transmitted diseases pose severe risks to human health. This study was designed to investigate the state of cleanliness and hygienic practices of adolescents using secondary school age females as case study. One hundred vaginal samples were collected from females within the age range of 9 20years that attended an urban and a rural general Hospital in Ijebu- North East Local Government Area of Ogun State, Southwest Nigeria with the aid of sterile swab sticks. Wellstructured questionnaire was used to obtain vital information about the students. The samples were processed and identified according to the standard methods. The plant extracts tested were Garcinia kola, Cola milleni, Vernoniaamygdalina, and Brideliaferrugineawhile the antibiotics used were commercial antibiotic disk. Agar disc and well diffusion methods were employed in determining the effect of antibiotics and plant extracts respectively on the isolated organisms. Enzymatic activity was used in determining the pathogenicity of the organisms. Staphylococcus aureus (42%), Lactobacillus species (24%), Escherichia coli (11%), Proteus species (7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3%) and Candida albicans (13%) were isolated. Four typed bacteria were used as control. The age groups 18 20 and 15-17 had the highest occurrence with a frequency rate of 48% and 27% respectively. The enzymatic profile revealed high enzymatic activity. Both the antibiotics and the extracts revealed highest inhibitory effects against the standard organisms than the isolated ones. Pefloxacin exhibited the highest inhibitory zone of 9.00 mm and 8.00 mm against both the control and isolated E. coliand P. aeruginosarespectively (P>0.005). Cola milleni had the highest inhibitory effect of 28 mm against P. vulgaris (P< 0.005). The study revealed that the studied subjects harboured pathogenic organisms, also the four plant extracts had more inhibitory effects on the organisms than conventional drugs used.
Antibiotics Resistant Pattern of Some Pathogenic Bacteria and Candida Albicans Isolated from Asymptomatic Adolescents and their Susceptibility to Four Medicinal Plant Extracts
(International Journal of Advanced Research, 2013) Sossou, Ibukun T.
Sexually transmitted diseases pose severe risks to human health. This study was designed to investigate the state of cleanliness and hygienic practices of adolescents using secondary school age females as case study. One hundred vaginal samples were collected from females within the age range of 9 20years that attended an urban and a rural general Hospital in Ijebu- North East Local Government Area of Ogun State, Southwest Nigeria with the aid of sterile swab sticks. Wellstructured questionnaire was used to obtain vital information about the students. The samples were processed and identified according to the standard methods. The plant extracts tested were Garcinia kola, Cola milleni, Vernonia amygdalina, and Bridelia ferruginea, while the antibiotics used were commercial antibiotic disks. Agar disc and well diffusion methods were employed in determining the effect of antibiotics and plant extracts respectively on the isolated organisms. Enzymatic activity was used in determining the pathogenicity of the organisms. Staphylococcus aureus (42%), Lactobacillus species (24%), Escherichia coli (11%), Proteus species (7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3%) and Candida albicans (13%) were isolated. Four typed bacteria were used as control. The age groups 18 20 and 15-17 had the highest occurrence with a frequency rate of 48% and 27% respectively. The enzymatic profile revealed high enzymatic activity. Both the antibiotics and the extracts revealed highest inhibitory effects against the standard organisms than the isolated ones. Pefloxacin exhibited the highest inhibitory zone of 9.00 mm and 8.00 mm against both the control and isolated E. coli and P. aeruginosa, respectively (P>0.005). Cola milleni had the highest inhibitory effect of 28 mm against P. vulgaris (P< 0.005). The study revealed that the studied subjects harboured pathogenic organisms, also the four plant extracts had more inhibitory effects on the organisms than conventional drugs used.
Aqueous Leaf Extract of Azadirachta indica Protects Against Gentamicin-Induced Kidney Injury via Decreases in Renal Function, Inflammation, and Apoptosis Markers.
(Journal of Medicinal Food, 0223) Sossou, Ibukun T.
The effect of the aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica (AAI) on gentamicin (GEN)-induced kidney injury was investigated. The study involves 20 adult male Wistar rats (housed in four separate plastic cages) such that graded dos ages of AAI were administered to the experimental group for 14 days per oral (PO) before exposure to GEN toxicity (100 mg/kg) for 1 week. At the end of the study, comparisons of some markers of renal functions, antioxidant status, and inflam matory and apoptotic markers were made between the control, GEN, and AAI-pretreated groups at P < .05. The result showed that GEN treatment caused a significant increase (P < .05) in body weight, kidney weight, urea, bilirubin, kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM 1), cystatin C, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), tumor necrotic factor alpha (TNF-a), interleukin-1 (IL-2), caspase-3, and B-cell lymphoma-2 associated X (BAX) as well as a significant decrease (P < .05) in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), and B-cell lymphoma (BCL)-2 level. Pre-treatment with graded doses of AAI caused a significant increase in urea, CAT, and GPx as well as a significant decrease (P < .05) in kidney weight, bilirubin, KIM 1, cystatin C, MDA, GSH, SOD, TNF-a, IL-2, caspase-3, BAX, and BCL-2. There was an appreciable difference in the kidney histology of the AAI pre-treated groups compared with the GEN. Hence, the extract has prophylactic potential in managing GEN-induced nephrotoxicity by decreasing the markers of renal function and inflammation and downregulating the markers of apoptosis
Assessment of Leucocytes and CD4+ T-cells in HIVSeronegativeTuberculosis Patients
(2018) ONAIWU TOLA OHIENGBOMWAN
Background: Tuberculosis is a major global health problem associated with large mortality. The burden of tuberculosis is particularly high for the African region, mainly due to the high prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection. While several studies have focused on the immunological responses of human host to HIV seropositive tuberculosis infection, this study aims to determine the immunological responses (CD4+ and leucocyte cell counts) of human host to HIV seronegative tuberculosis infection. Methods: The study used a cross-sectional study design for population that consisted of 100studysubjectswho presented with HIV seronegative tuberculosis infection at diagnosis as well as 40 apparently healthy volunteers who were HIV and tuberculosis negative as control in Central Hospital, Benin City. Results: The result indicated a statistically significant CD4+ lymphocytopaenia, leucocytosis, neutrophilia and monocytosis. Lymphocyte count was not statistically significant despite lymphocytopaenia observedin28%of the study subjects. It was observed that 25 (96.2%) of leucocytosis, 19 (100%) of neutrophilia, 26(92.9%)of lymphocytopaenia and 26 (92.9%) of monocytosis were patients having CD4+ lymphocytopaenia. The feminine gender had the highest prevalence rate of CD4+ lymphocytopaenia, leucocytosis, neutrophilia, lymphocytopaenia and monocytosis. Furthermore, disease severity, age and gender seemed to play important role in determining the cellular immunity of tuberculosis patients. Conclusion: CD4+ lymphocytopaenia, leucocytosis, neutrophilia and monocytosis were statistically significant in the study. Interestingly, females appear to be more prone to having CD4+ lymphocytopaenia, leucocytosis, neutrophilia, lymphocytopaenia and monocytosis while these conditions could be occurring in ascending order of age groups.
Asymptomatic Malaria among Blood Donors in Benin City Nigeria
(2014) ONAIWU TOLA OHIENGBOMWAN
Background: This study aimed at determining the prevalence and associated risk factors for asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia and anemia among blood donors in a private medical laboratory in Benin City, Nigeria. Methods: Venous blood was collected from a total of 247 blood donors. Malaria status, ABO, Rhesus blood groups and hemoglobin concentration of all participants were determined using standard methods. Results: The prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infection was higher among commercial blood donors than volunteer group (commercial vs. volunteer donor: 27.5 %vs. 13.8%; OR = 2.373, 95% CI = 0.793, 7.107, P = 0.174). Asymptomatic malaria was not significantly affected by gender (P = 0.733), age (P = 0.581), ABO (P= 0.433) and rhesus blood groups (P =0.806) of blood donors. Age was observed to significantly (P = 0.015) affect malaria parasite density with donors within the age group of 21-26 years having the highest risk. The prevalence of anemia was significantly higher among commercial donors (commercial vs. volunteer donors: 23.4% vs. 3.4%: OR = 8.551, 95% CI = 1.135, 64.437, P = 0.013) and donors of blood group O type (P =< 0.0001). Conclusions: Asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia and anemia was higher among commercial donors than voluntary donors. Mandatory screening of blood donors for malaria parasite is advocated to curb transfusion transmitted malaria and associated sequelae.
Bioactive compounds from fermented Vernonia amygdalina leaf
(In-silico Pharmacology, 2024) Sossou, Ibukun T.
Antibiotic resistance microorganisms (ARMs), particularly gram-negative bacteria, pose a global health threat. The effects of fermentation on phytochemicals are numerous, and exploring this potential is the focus of drug development. The study investigated the role of fermentation in modifying V. amygdalina leaf secondary metabolites as an effective antibiotic against Escherichia. coli, Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhi. This work showed that fermentation increased the con tent of lycopene, flavonoid and carotenoid compounds but decreased chlorophyll, soluble protein and phenol. Pearson’s correlation heatmap showed a strong correlation between microbial activities and secondary metabolic changes. The methanolic extract of fermented V. amygdalina leaf pulp (at day 9) showed significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The GCMS and FTIR results showed unique compounds and structural modifications at different intervals of the fermentation period. In-vitro and in-silico analyses showed that fermentation did not alter the inhibition rate against B. subtilis; however, E. coli and S. typhi were significantly inhibited by fermented V. amygdalina pulp extracts. In-silico analyses showed that 4,6-Cholestadien-3β-ol– a compound present only on the ninth day of fermentation–was responsible for the inhibition of the gram-negative bacteria via the substitution of multiple non-ionic interactions of some key cata lytic site residues with non-ionic types, thereby denying ionisation and salt-bridge properties that porins explore to resist antibiotics; and higher binding affinity to OmpC and OmpF than ampicillin. Therefore, this steroid-derived compound may open a new pipeline for developing ion-independent multi-target antibiotics against broad-spectrum multidrug-resistant gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in food and pharmaceutical purposes.
Biotreatment of abattoir waste water using selected microorganisms at Mandate market Ilorin, Kwara state
(Futo Journal Series (FUTOJNLS), 2021) Sossou, Ibukun T.
Slaughterhouse wastewater has a complex composition and very harmful to the environment. The abattoir wastewater at mandate market Ilorin, Kwara State was studied for possible pollutants and biotreatment using indigenous microorganisms. Microbial count was done using pour plate techniques and the physicochemical analyses were done using standard method. Total bacteria count was between 1.60x104 - 2.43x107 Cfu/ml while fungi count was 1.63x103 - 1.8x106Cfu/ml. Findings showed that the various water samples were contaminated with E. coli and other enteric bacteria. This result revealed that the temperature, pH and electric conductivity ranged from 27.8 - 28.40oC, 7.07 - 7.19, and 103 - 887μS/cm respectively, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) and Total Suspended Solid (TSS) were between 1350.20 - 880 and 76.5 - 2266.0 mg/L respectively, the Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemically Oxygen Demand (COD) ranged between 4.5 - 0.2, 54.4 - 130 and 700 - 1240 mg/L respectively. The presence of E. coli and Streptococcus faecalis in the abattoir wastewater may be attributable to the high load of animal excreta in the wastewater.. Most of the fungal isolates were also soil-inhabiting microorganisms as well as common spoilage organisms associated with beef industry.
Clinical profile, dietary zinc content and lifestyle habits of adult male and female HBSS and HBSC patients.
(Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science, 2024) Alaka Anuoluwapo Abisola
Objective: Males and females have been reported to show significant variation with respect to clinical profile of sickle cell disease (SCD) (e.g. cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and chronic end-organ complications). Clinical features of SCD are also influenced by lifestyle and dietary habits. Thus, the study was conducted to examine whether the distributions of other manifestations (e.g. priapism, pain frequency, leg ulcers rates) and habits (lifestyle, dietary) of SCD patients in Osun state, Nigeria are influenced by gender or genotype. Material and methods: Questionnaires were administered to obtain information on age, gender, concoction/herbal preparations, and fruit/vegetable consumption, as well as zinc contents of 24-hour meal recall, physical exercise, lifestyle parameters and clinical profile of SCD. Descriptive (relative frequency) and inferential (Chi-square (χ2) test of independence) statistics were employed. Statistical significant was set at p<0.05. Results and discussion: HbSS rather than HbSC showed higher distributions of pain frequency and more frequent hospitalization rates at p= .001 and p=.001 respectively. There was no significant relationship between hemoglobin genotype and the following variables: leg ulcers, priapism, fruit intake, herb/concoction consumption, 24-hour dietary zinc content. Moreover, all the variables were not influenced by gender not only among HbSS but also HbSC patients. Conclusion: There are indications from data obtained that clinical profile of SCD such as priapism, leg ulcers, high hospitalization rates and pain episodes are present among HbSS and HbSC SCD patients in Osun state Nigeria. Although only pain episodes and hospitalization rates were significantly higher among HbSS than HbSC, for either variable though there was no gender bias in its distribution. Similarly the distributions of other variables (such as exercise, dietary, etc.) for each of SCD (HbSS, HbSC) categories were not influenced by gender.
Dental Caries Risk Factors Among Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Selected People.
(Biomedicine and Nursing, 2021) Sossou, Ibukun T.
Background: Dental caries, the most common chronic infectious disease that affects humans, is one of the most common preventable diseases. It is now recognized as a major public health oral disease which hinders the achievement and maintenance of oral health in all age groups, sex and tribes all over the world by gradually destroying the tooth structure and causing discomfort. To know the important factors responsible for the formation of tooth decay and use these factors as a guide for prevention. Materials and methods: Useful information was obtained from the study subjects by imploring them to fill questionnaire through the Google Forms Application. The responses received from respondents were analyzed using the Social Sciences Statistical Package (Version 23). Results: Out of the 100 respondents (53 females and 47 males), 68% had tooth decay. Patients between the ages of 21 and 35 years had the highest frequency (57%) out of those who participated in the study. There is a correlation (-0.04) between the dwelling area of the patients and tooth decay. It was observed that the majority (89%) of respondents did not visit the dentist for regular annual oral examination. Conclusion: Due to limited information on risk factors of dental caries in vulnerable populations and a lack of access to dental caries, preventable efforts are hindered. Thus, the need to educate this population on the common risk factors of tooth decay and that early diagnosis should be treated with immediate effect.
Detection and prevalence of HBsAg and HBV DNA among visiting patients attending health facilities in Nigeria
(2023) ONAIWU TOLA OHIENGBOMWAN
Hyper-endemicity of the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has for long been retained in parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria with a prevalence rate above 8%. Despite the implementation of vaccination programs, factors such as inadequate diagnostic protocols, the prevalence of occult infections, and population group-specific susceptibility to infection remain overlooked in control strategies. This study, therefore, aims at investigating the prevalence of hepatitis B viral infection, the presence of mutant strains, and establishing a link between age, blood parameters and susceptibility to infection. A total of 451 blood samples from participants aged 1–50 years were tested for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV DNA using rapid diagnostic testing and PCR molecular-based assay. Age, blood group and hemoglobin (Hb) genotype were used to evaluate associated risk of infection. Statistical analysis was done using Python3. A prevalence of 5.8% and 18.2% were recorded using rapid diagnostic testing and PCR molecular-based assay respectively. Correlation between age and, HBV DNA and HBsAg positivity gave a p-value of 1.672. Error rates of 4.4% and 16.9% were recorded for false positives and false negatives respectively, with a rapid test kit sensitivity of 7.32% and specificity of 94.58%. Blood group O rhesus D positive (O⁺) showed a statistically significant higher risk of infection (P < 0.001, odd ratio (OR) = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.23–0.63) compared to non-O blood types. Age groups 21- 30 years and 31–40 years, both showed high relative risk and odd ratios. The low sensitivity found for the available RDT kits negatively influenced the ability to screen for Hepatitis B strains, hence, the high rate of false negatives. The Hb genotype may also play some role or have some association with the viral infection. This study highlights areas to specifically look into in implementing HBV eradication strategies.
Evaluation of Direct Nitrate Reductase Assay for Drug Susceptibility Testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Resource - Poor Settings.
(International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 2019) Alaka Anuoluwapo Abisola
Abstract: Direct Nitrate Reductase Assay (DNRA) was used for susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to two front line anti-tuberculosis drugs (Rifampicin and Isoniacid) from 100 Acid fast bacilli smear-positive sputum samples. The DNRA results were compared with the gold standard conventional proportion method (PM). Ninety eight (98) sputum specimens result were comparable with the gold standard. DNRA results were obtained at day 10 for 72 specimens, results for 17 specimens were obtained at day 14, and the results for 9 specimens were obtained at day 18. Thus, 74% of DNRA results were obtained in 10 days. The sensitivities and specificities of DNRA were 100%, 97% and 100%, 99% for Rifampicin and Isoniacid respectively. Positive predictive values were 100% and 93% for Rifampicin and INH respectively while negative predictive values were 97% and 100% for Rifampicin and Isoniacid respectively. NRA has been demonstrated as rapid, accurate, and cost-effective method for drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Therefore, NRA constitutes a useful tool for detection of tuberculosis drug resistance in low-resource countries.
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy and Antibacterial Activity of Stem Bark of Terminalia Glaucascens on Some Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria.
(Scientia Africana, 2023) Sossou, Ibukun T.
Frequent antimicrobial resistance of bacterial pathogens has led to a search for plant origin to synthesize new drugs. Hence, the antibacterial potential of the stem bark part of Terminalia glaucescens plant needs to ascertain. The 162 pure bacteria isolated from the patient’s clinical samples were confirmed using standard procedures to be Escherichia coli (65), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (52), and Klebsiella pneumonia (45). The isolates were tested against seven commonly available antibiotics and the extracts. The identified bark of T. glaucescens was prepared for qualitative analysis using standard methods and also analyzed quantitatively using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). Alkaloid, saponin, flavonoid, steroids, tannin, terpenoid, and phenol were identified. The GC-MS analysis revealed 13 bioactive constituents with Neophytadiene, Squalene, 3, 7, 11, 15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol and 9-eicosyne as active components. Antibiogram study revealed that most isolates, especially E. coli and P. aeruginosa, were 100% resistant to more than two antibiotics. The antibacterial activity of the stem bark of T. glaucescens was reflected by inhibition zones, ranging from 5.5 mm to 12.5 mm; Escherichia coli had the highest zone of inhibition (12.5 mm). The presence of phytochemicals and bioactive components in this stem bark suggests its effectiveness in treating infections and producing pharmaceutical products.
Gene mutation patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and associated factors among suspected multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients in Osun State, South-West, Nigeria
(Elsevier, 2023) ONAIWU TOLA OHIENGBOMWAN
Tuberculosis (TB) drug resistance has become a substantial public health threat, posing a significant challenge to global TB control. Nigeria is one of the eight countries contributing two-thirds of the global TB cases in 2020, with a high rate of MDR/RR-TB. This study was designed to determine MDR-TB prevalence among suspected drug-resistant TB patients, MTBC mutation patterns, and the associated factors of MDR-TB in Osun State. We obtained fresh sputum samples from eligible participants who tested positive for rifampicin resistance on GeneXpert assay for analysis using the MTBDRplus LPA. SPSS version 23 was used for statistical analysis, significance was set at p<0.05. We recorded a prevalence of 58.6 %, 37.1 %, and 2.9 % for MDR-TB, rifampicin and isoniazid mono-resistance. Majority of the MDR-TB cases were males (56.1 %), below 40 years (80.5 %), low-level education (75.6 %), unemployed (75 %), and low-income earners (64.1 %). ‘Previous TB treatment’ had a statistically significant effect on MDR-TB (P<0.001, OR=65.46). Other factors that showed a strong odds ratio but were not statistically significant included: age (OR=2.52, P = 0.09), diabetes (OR=1.99, P = 0.25), smoking history (OR=1.51, P = 0.43) and hypertension (OR=1.34, P = 0.63). There were 67 and 46 reactions of the wild-type and mutant bands for rpoB gene, eight wild-type and five mutant bands for katG gene, and six wild-type and 24 mutant bands for inhA gene. WT8/MUT3 (64.2 %), WT/MUT1 (61.5 %), and MUT1 (80 %) were predominant for rpoB, katG, and inhA genes, respectively, with the occurrence of D516V rpoB gene mutation for the first time in Osun State. There is a need for the reinforcement of the current TB care system, empowerment and monitoring of TB-caregivers for adequate and effective follow-up of TB patients, and more citizens awareness, especially regarding TB/MDR-TB treatments. This is expected to improve the management of MDR-TB patients and mitigate the development and spread of MDR-TB in the community.
Haemoglobin Genotype, ABO/Rhesus Blood Groups and Malaria among Students Presenting to a Private University Health Centre inNigeria
(2019) ONAIWU TOLA OHIENGBOMWAN
Background: Malaria has remained a major issue of public health concern. Protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium are the causative agents of malaria and an infected Anopheles mosquito transmits the parasite. Hb genotype and ABO blood groups have been implicated as part of the host innate features that may confer protection against the infection. Methods: This study was a retrospective study which involved the use of laboratory data of students who reported for malaria test in 2017/2018 with the corresponding Hb genotype and ABO/Rhesus blood groups identified. Results: A total of 2294 subjects participated in the study comprising 1039 (45.3%) males and 1255 (54.7%) females. From the study, 921 (40.1%) subjects were malaria positive giving a prevalence of 40.1% among the participants. Blood group O(60.5%) had the highest distribution followed by group B (19.9%), A (17.5%) and AB (2.1%). This same pattern of distribution was repeated for malaria positive and negative participants. The ABO/Rhesus blood group revealed the following pattern of distribution for malaria positive subjects: O Rh+ > B Rh+ >A Rh+>O Rh->A Rh- >AB Rh- > B Rh- > AB Rh+ {58.3%, 17.9%, 16.5%, 2.8%, 2.1%, 0.9%, 0.8%and 0.8%} and O Rh+>B Rh+ > A Rh+ > O Rh- > AB Rh+ >A Rh- > B Rh- > AB Rh- {56.7%, 20.5%, 16.2%, 3.4%, 2.1%, 0.7%, 0.3%and 0.2%} for malaria negative subjects. Meanwhile, 2127 (94.7%) were Rhesus positive while122(5.3%)were Rhesus negative, out of the 921 malaria positive subjects, 861 (93.5%) were Rhesus positivewhile60(6.5%) were Rhesus negative. HbAA (66.7%) had the highest distribution among the study participants followed by HbAS (23.8%), HbSS (4.8%), HbAC (2.9%), HbSC (1.8%) and HbCC (0.04%), this was the same pattern observed among malaria positive and negative subjects. Conclusion: The high prevalence of malaria in this study is a pointer to the high level of endemicity and asymptomatic nature of malaria in this part of the world.
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen and Viral DNA Detection and Prevalence in Nigeria
(2020) ONAIWU TOLA OHIENGBOMWAN
Hepatitis B infection is a major public health issue with a high mortality rate. It is caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV), a small incomplete hepadnavirus with several open reading frames (ORF). High mutation rates of the HBV ORFs due to the virus’ replicating strategy are associated with the development and emergence of mutant strains, which may result in occult infections that are undetectable by conventional diagnostic assays. In this study, we first investigated the presence and prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV DNA among 204 patients visiting the specialist hospital in Osogbo, Nigeria, by using the Acumen diagnostic test strip kit and PCR amplification of the surface antigen gene. Then, we compared the positive results detected by both assays. The mean age of the participants was 30.5 years. Twenty-two (10.78%) cases were positive in the HBsAg test, and 69 (33.82%) cases were positive for HBV DNA. Fifty-four false-negatives (26.47%) and four false-positives (1.96%) were detected by HBsAg. The rapid diagnostic test kit is less sensitivity and has lower detection capability compared with the PCR-based assay, which indicates the presence of mutant HBV strain(s). The results of this work demonstrate that HBsAg is endemic in Nigeria and that HBV DNA is highly prevalent among the population. Our findings highlight the need for immediate action to prevent the further spread of infection.
Immune boosting and ameliorative properties of aqueous extract of Vernonia amygdalina Delile against MSG-induced genotoxicity: An in-silico and in-vivo approach.
(Heliyon, 0210) Sossou, Ibukun T.
Vernonia amygdalina (VA) is popularly consumed as food and as medicine due to its nutritional and bioactive constituents. This study assessed the anti-genotoxic effect of aqueous leaf extract of VA against monosodium (MSG) –induced genotoxicity. Crude extraction and phytochemical analysis were done using standard methods. In silico studies was done using compounds in the extract against Bcl-2, NF-kB 50, DNA polymerase lambda, DNA ligase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). Twelve rats were divided into three groups with four rats in each group. Group I was fed on food and water, group II received MSG (4 g/kg) per body weight (pbw) intraperitoneally, group III received MSG (4 g/kg) pbw intraperi toneally followed by oral dose of VA leaf extract (250 mg/kg) per body weight. The number of the micronucleated red blood cells and white blood cells were determined from blood smears microscopically. Results showed that aqueous extract of VA contained in mg/100 g alkaloids (7.04 ± 0.16), saponins (3.91 ± 0.13), flavonoid (1.64 ± 0.16), phenol (3.40 ± 0.12) and tannins (0.07 ± 0.32). In silico studies revealed high binding interaction (ΔG > 8.6) of vernoniosides D and E with all the tested proteins. There was a reduction in the number of micronucleated cells, neutrophils and eosinophils of the treated group compared to the MSG group, while there was an increase in the lymphocyte count. The anti-genotoxic effects of VA leaf extract might be attributed to the synergistic interaction of the various bioactive components in the extract. VA could be a potential plant for the prevention of cancer and other diseases that attenuate the immune system.
In-vitro and In-silico Anti-cariogenic Bacteria Activity of Selected Spices Commonly Consumed in South-West Nigeria.
(Nigerian Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2024) Sossou, Ibukun T.
Dental caries is a preventable oral disease simply by practicing good oral hygiene; however, this disease remains a global health challenge due to the difficulties in management and treatment. Onion, ginger, and nutmeg extracts have been reported as potent antibiotics. Thus, the study investigated the efficacy of these three spices against cariogenic bacteria. Samples were collected from consented caried-patients at the Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital (OOUTH), Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria. Disc and agar well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the antibiotic sensitivity of the spices against the isolates. The anti-cariogenic potential of significant compounds in each of the spices was further assessed against four bacterial target proteins (DNA gyrase B, dihydrofolate reductase (DHF), D-alanine: D-alanine ligase (Ddl1), and Isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (IARS). Out of 100 samples collected, hundred and sixty-six (166) isolates were recovered: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (105), Staphylococcus aureus (52), and Streptococcus mutans (9). In-silico studies revealed that kaempferol in onion, luteolin 7-O-glucoside in ginger, and macelignan in nutmeg had high binding affinities for the four target proteins (∆G> -7 kcal/mol). At 100% (1 g/mL) concentration, onions showed a higher zone of inhibition (20-22 mm) against the tested bacteria. In comparison, diameter zones of 20.33 mm and 20.67 mm for ginger, and 19.67 mm and 16.67 mm for nutmeg were observed against Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. It was also observed that at higher concentrations of 100%, the tested spices had a higher inhibitory effect against the tested bacteria than the control antibiotics.
Inhibitory effect of selected microorganisms on Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes
(Futo Journal Series (FUTOJNLS), 2021) Sossou, Ibukun T.
The call for malaria control has increased over the last century. Malaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium. The emergence of insecticides resistant strains has therefore necessitated the need to develop alternative control methods. The objective of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory activities of Bacillus thurigensis. Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gamblae larvae. The bacterial strains were obt0ained from streak culture and subcultured before their insecticides activities were tested. All the bacterial strains were identified as mosquito – toxic after the selective bioassays and the LC50recorded for each bacterial strains. These results indicate that the bacteria are effective against mosquito larvae, so they could be used as an alternative bioinsecticides against mosquitoes.

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