Department of Medical Laboratory Science
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- ItemZinc and Anthropometry in Sickle Cell Disease: Comparison between Two Genotypes (SS and SC Hemoglobinopathies).(Journal of Integrated Health Sciences, 2022) Alaka Anuoluwapo AbisolaIntroduction: Homozygous rather than heterozygous sickle cell disease (SCD) is considered the more severe form of the disorder. While some markers have been used successfully to distinguish between the two with respect to disease severity, the role of other markers remains either inconclusive (e.g., nitric oxide) or ambiguous (e.g., anthropometry). The objective of the study was to provide information about possible variations in anthropometry and zinc (Zn) levels among SS and SC patients in Osun State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Adult participants enrolled consisted of 34 SS hemoglobinopathy (also known as HbSS); 32 SC hemoglobinopathy (commonly referred to as HbSC) patients and 32 with HbAA as control. Serum Zn estimation was done by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Anthropometry (body weight, standing height, body mass index [BMI], head and mid‑upper‑arm circumferences [MUACs]) was determined using standard procedures. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance and Pearson correlation coefficient. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: All anthropometric parameters were significantly lower for SCD patients compared with control, but only body weight was significantly different when HbSS and HbSC were compared. Serum Zn status of control was higher than those of SCD patients, with HbSS values being more significantly lower than those of HBSC. Among the HbSS as well as HbSC patients, there was a positive correlation between BMI and Zn as well as between HC and MUAC. Conclusion: Results of the study indicate that while the Zn status of HbSS and HbSC were significantly different, most of the anthropometric parameters were not significantly different.
- ItemEvaluation of Direct Nitrate Reductase Assay for Drug Susceptibility Testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Resource - Poor Settings.(International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 2019) Alaka Anuoluwapo AbisolaAbstract: Direct Nitrate Reductase Assay (DNRA) was used for susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to two front line anti-tuberculosis drugs (Rifampicin and Isoniacid) from 100 Acid fast bacilli smear-positive sputum samples. The DNRA results were compared with the gold standard conventional proportion method (PM). Ninety eight (98) sputum specimens result were comparable with the gold standard. DNRA results were obtained at day 10 for 72 specimens, results for 17 specimens were obtained at day 14, and the results for 9 specimens were obtained at day 18. Thus, 74% of DNRA results were obtained in 10 days. The sensitivities and specificities of DNRA were 100%, 97% and 100%, 99% for Rifampicin and Isoniacid respectively. Positive predictive values were 100% and 93% for Rifampicin and INH respectively while negative predictive values were 97% and 100% for Rifampicin and Isoniacid respectively. NRA has been demonstrated as rapid, accurate, and cost-effective method for drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Therefore, NRA constitutes a useful tool for detection of tuberculosis drug resistance in low-resource countries.
- ItemSickle Cell Disease Complications and BMI Percentiles of Pediatric Patients.(Asian Journal of Medicine and Health, 2024) Alaka Anuoluwapo AbisolaBMI percentile is a good index of nutritional status among pediatric patients. Yet there is a dearth of information about the relationship between this important anthropometric parameter and specific severity indices among pediatric patients. The study is designed to explore the possibility of such a relationship. Methods: Pediatric study participants were divided into test [HbSS, HbSC] and control [HbAA] groups. The questionnaire was administered to obtain information on age, gender, and clinical features of the disease [pain frequency, leg ulcer, priapism]. The anthropometry indices were determined. BMI as well as BMI percentiles were calculated. Data were summarized using relative frequency, mean, and standard deviation while analysis of variance, LSD post hoc tests and Chi-squared tests were used for inferential statistics. Significant levels were set with P < 0.05. Results: There were significant differences in the body weight, height and BMI of HbAA, HbSC and HbSS. The distribution of the BMI percentiles for the three genotypes showed that 5% of HbAA, 20% of HbSC, and 35.7% of HbSS were in unhealthy categories. The occurrence of leg ulcers and priapism among the two SCD genotypes was 0% and 3.57% respectively. The Chi-square tests showed a significant difference between BMI percentiles (X2=72.51; P=<.001) or painful episodes (X2=15.992; P=.003) and hemoglobin genotypes [HbSS, HbSC]. Among SCD patients there was a relationship between BMI percentiles and pain frequency (X2=50.59; P=<.001). Conclusion: The study suggests that SCD impacts BMI percentiles. Also, the frequency of occurrence of priapism and leg ulcers varied widely, indicating that priapism among the SCD patients may be a more common SCD complication than leg ulcer in the region. The fact that there was a higher frequency of pain among HbSS than HbSC suggests a bias in distribution of pain frequency in the 2 hemoglobinopathies.
- ItemDetection and prevalence of HBsAg and HBV DNA among visiting patients attending health facilities in Nigeria(2023) ONAIWU TOLA OHIENGBOMWANHyper-endemicity of the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has for long been retained in parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria with a prevalence rate above 8%. Despite the implementation of vaccination programs, factors such as inadequate diagnostic protocols, the prevalence of occult infections, and population group-specific susceptibility to infection remain overlooked in control strategies. This study, therefore, aims at investigating the prevalence of hepatitis B viral infection, the presence of mutant strains, and establishing a link between age, blood parameters and susceptibility to infection. A total of 451 blood samples from participants aged 1–50 years were tested for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV DNA using rapid diagnostic testing and PCR molecular-based assay. Age, blood group and hemoglobin (Hb) genotype were used to evaluate associated risk of infection. Statistical analysis was done using Python3. A prevalence of 5.8% and 18.2% were recorded using rapid diagnostic testing and PCR molecular-based assay respectively. Correlation between age and, HBV DNA and HBsAg positivity gave a p-value of 1.672. Error rates of 4.4% and 16.9% were recorded for false positives and false negatives respectively, with a rapid test kit sensitivity of 7.32% and specificity of 94.58%. Blood group O rhesus D positive (O⁺) showed a statistically significant higher risk of infection (P < 0.001, odd ratio (OR) = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.23–0.63) compared to non-O blood types. Age groups 21- 30 years and 31–40 years, both showed high relative risk and odd ratios. The low sensitivity found for the available RDT kits negatively influenced the ability to screen for Hepatitis B strains, hence, the high rate of false negatives. The Hb genotype may also play some role or have some association with the viral infection. This study highlights areas to specifically look into in implementing HBV eradication strategies.
- ItemHepatitis B Surface Antigen and Viral DNA Detection and Prevalence in Nigeria(2020) ONAIWU TOLA OHIENGBOMWANHepatitis B infection is a major public health issue with a high mortality rate. It is caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV), a small incomplete hepadnavirus with several open reading frames (ORF). High mutation rates of the HBV ORFs due to the virus’ replicating strategy are associated with the development and emergence of mutant strains, which may result in occult infections that are undetectable by conventional diagnostic assays. In this study, we first investigated the presence and prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV DNA among 204 patients visiting the specialist hospital in Osogbo, Nigeria, by using the Acumen diagnostic test strip kit and PCR amplification of the surface antigen gene. Then, we compared the positive results detected by both assays. The mean age of the participants was 30.5 years. Twenty-two (10.78%) cases were positive in the HBsAg test, and 69 (33.82%) cases were positive for HBV DNA. Fifty-four false-negatives (26.47%) and four false-positives (1.96%) were detected by HBsAg. The rapid diagnostic test kit is less sensitivity and has lower detection capability compared with the PCR-based assay, which indicates the presence of mutant HBV strain(s). The results of this work demonstrate that HBsAg is endemic in Nigeria and that HBV DNA is highly prevalent among the population. Our findings highlight the need for immediate action to prevent the further spread of infection.