Characterization of Plasmodium falciparum Structure in Nigeria with Malaria SNPS Barcode.
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Date
2018
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Malaria Journal
Abstract
Background: Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains a major health challenge in Nigeria despite the global decline
of its incidence and mortality rates. Although signifcant progress has been made in preventing the transmission of
P. falciparum and controlling the spread of the infection, there is much to be done in the area of proper monitoring,
surveillance of the parasite, investigating the population dynamics and drug resistance profling of the parasite as
these are important to its eventual eradication. Polymorphic loci of msp1, msp2 and/or glurp genes or microsatellites
have been traditionally used to characterize P. falciparum population structure in various parts of Nigeria. The lack of
standardization in the interpretation of results, as well as the inability of these methods to distinguish closely related
parasites, remains a limitation of these techniques. Conversely, the recently developed 24 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based molecular barcode assay has the possibility of diferentiating between closely related parasites
and ofer additional information in determining the population diversity of P. falciparum within and between parasite
populations. This study is therefore aimed at defning the population diversity of P. falciparum in and between two
localities in Nigeria using the SNPs barcode technique.
Methods: The 24-SNP high-resolution melt (HRM) barcode assay and msp2 genotyping was used to investigate both
intra and inter population diversity of the parasite population in two urban cities of Nigeria.
Results: Based on SNP barcode analysis, polygenomic malaria infections were observed in 17.9% and 13.5% of
population from Enugu and Ibadan, respectively, while msp2 analyses showed 21% and 19.4% polygenomic infections in Enugu and Ibadan, respectively. Low levels of genetic diversity (π) of 0.328 and 0.318 were observed in Enugu
and Ibadan parasite populations, respectively, while the FST value of 0.02 (p=0.055) was obtained when the genetic
divergence of both populations was considered.
Conclusions: The 24-SNP barcode assay was efective in analysing P. falciparum population diversity. This study also
showed that P. falciparum populations in Enugu and Ibadan had a degree of intra-population diversity, but very low
divergence between the population. A low degree of polygenomic infections were also observed in the two parasite populations unlike previous years. This maybe as a result of the efect of artemisinin-based combination therapy
(ACT), long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLITNs) and intermittent preventive treatments in the study populations.