Centre for Gender, Humanitarian and Development Studies

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21st Century Slavery - A Psychosocial Exploration of Human Trafficking, Migrant Smuggling and Enslavement in Africa
(IntechOpen Series, 2023-05-23) Ilesanmi, Oluwatoyin Olatundun
Abstract This paper seeks to investigate human trafficking, migrant smuggling, and enslavement as global phenomena, public health concerns, gross violations of human rights, and crimes against humanity and the state. The twenty-first century slavery revolves around illegal control, including forced labor, debt bondage, forced marriage, slavery and slavery-like practices, and human trafficking. Thus, SDG Targets 5.2 and 8.7 stipulated that immediate and effective measures should be taken by all concerns to eradicate forced labor- end modern slavery, human trafficking, sexual and other types of exploitation, as well as to secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labor among others. The desktop approach was used to identify the varied forms of these menaces and their perpetrators. A wide range of secondary sources of data in peer-reviewed and edited conference proceedings, workshop proceedings, and published articles in local and international journals were consulted to obtain an in-depth appreciation of the problem being investigated. The paper further highlighted the psychosocial effects of human trafficking, migrant smuggling, and enslavement. The article concludes with recommendations for ending all forms of slavery in the global community in line with the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action.
21st Century Slavery: The Various Forms of Human Enslavement in Today's World.
(IntechOpen, 2024-02-07) Ilesanmi, Oluwatoyin Olatundun
More than 46 million people are currently victims of 21st-century slavery globally, most of whom are women and children. This book, 21st Century Slavery - The Various Forms of Human Enslavement in Today’s World provides a comprehensive overview of modern-day slavery, also known as contemporary slavery, neo-slavery, institutional slavery, and numerous other terms. It includes eight chapters that highlight human trafficking and explain and explore the act of recruiting, harbouring, transporting, providing, or obtaining a person for compelled labour or commercial sex acts using force, fraud, or coercion. The book discusses the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring, and receipt of persons by improper means (such as force, abduction, fraud, or coercion) for an improper purpose including forced labour or sexual exploitation. It concludes that the world must not accept slavery in the 21st century. This volume is a useful resource on modern slavery for all academics interested in humanitarian and development studies across the globe and to all policymakers and governments of nations who are pushing for the elimination of all forms of slavery in their nationhood.
A World without Poverty: Psycho-Socio-Economic Impacts of Village Mini-Grids on Rural Women in Nigeria.
(2025-12-02) Ilesanmi, Oluwatoyin Olatundun
Abstract The thrust of the human civilization and social innovation include “grid and off-grid” electrification of often neglected communities in developing nations like Nigeria. For instance, the distribution of hydro-electric supply in Nigeria is the responsibility of the Federal Government through Power Holding Corporations of Nigeria (PHCN). Though currently privatized, this arm of the government has been unable to meet the growing demands of electricity supply in the nations fast growing urban centers (e.g. Lagos, Ibadan, Abuja, Kano and Port-Harcourt). It has also been unable to successfully extend its national grid reach through feeder pillars to all of the urban-fringes and rural communities in the country. This therefore calls for a need to reconsider alternative means of energy generation for the sub-urban and rural dwellers in Nigeria. Many of the rural and suburban dwellers engage in informal sector activities which are extensive, weakly developed economic activities with low level of investment and characterized by heavy reliance on family or friends for capital. These make industrialization in both the rural and urban-fringes to lag far behind the rate of urbanization due to hydroelectric energy crises. Hence, the need for this paper on the creation of a world without poverty through social innovations and rethinking of distributed electricity generation from renewable technologies, such as wind turbines and solar photovoltaic cells in Nigeria.
Analyzing Society through Gender Lenses: Theories and Framework
(Obafemi Awolowo University Press, 2024) Adefisoye, Ibironke Damilola
This chapter explores the intricate relationship between gender and development through various theoretical lenses and frameworks. It begins by tracing the evolution of gender theories, highlighting key contributions from theorists such as Mary Wollstonecraft, Simone de Beauvoir, and Betty Friedan. These foundational works laid the groundwork for understanding gender as a socially constructed concept that intersects with other forms of oppression, such as race, class, and sexuality. The chapter then delves into the concept of intersectionality, which has significantly influenced gender and development discourse. Intersectionality emphasizes the interconnected nature of various social categories and their impact on individuals' experiences and opportunities. This perspective has led to a more nuanced understanding of gender inequalities in development contexts and has informed more inclusive and effective development policies and programs. Furthermore, the chapter explores the contributions of Global South feminism to gender and development theory. Global South feminists have critiqued Western-centric development paradigms and have advocated for approaches that prioritize the needs and perspectives of marginalized communities. Their insights have led to a re-evaluation of development practices, emphasizing the importance of local knowledge, agency, and empowerment in development processes. Overall, this chapter highlights the importance of integrating gender perspectives into development theory and practice. It underscores the need for intersectional and inclusive approaches that address the complex realities of gender inequalities in diverse social contexts.
Assessment of Quality of Life of Inmates in Nigerian Correctional Centres: A Systematic Review
(African Journal of Sociology, Psychology and Rural Studies (AJOSPRS), 2024-12-01) Adefisoye, Ibironke Damilola
conditions, which impact the quality of life (QoL) of inmates. Nigeria, like other developing countries, has a growing prison population. However, the facilities in these correctional centres have been widely criticised for violating human rights. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the types, nature, and proposed solutions to these challenges by examining studies conducted between January 2010 and May 2023. The review included quantitative and qualitative research from peer-reviewed journals and grey literature, focusing on studies published in English. A comprehensive literature search was performed using databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Academia, Research Gate and Scopus. Manual searches of reference lists and grey literature were also conducted. The initial search produced 181 articles; after removing duplicates and screening for relevance, 20 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final review. Content analysis identified common themes and patterns, providing an overarching view of the QoL in Nigerian correctional centres. Findings indicate that inmates in Nigerian prisons face numerous challenges. The study concludes with recommendations for the Nigerian government to address these issues by investing in gender-friendly infrastructures and effective rehabilitation programs.
Beyond the Classroom Divide: Gender Discrepancies in Nigeria's Educational Landscape
(Obafemi Awolowo University Press, Ile-Ife, 2024) Adefisoye, Ibironke Damilola
Education plays an important role in fostering a gender-equitable future for the nation. However, there exists gender disparities within Nigeria's educational landscape thereby exacerbating the various challenges of women and girls. Through a thorough examination of the successes and challenges of the educational sector, this paper explores the complexities inherent in achieving gender equality within this sector. Highlighting the various efforts and success stories, this paper showcases instances where targeted interventions and advocacy efforts have resulted in tangible improvements in narrowing the gender gap in enrollment and retention rates, particularly for girls. These successes include the transformative power of initiatives such as scholarship programs and policy frameworks aimed at dismantling discriminatory practices. However, amid these triumphs lie persistent challenges among which are societal norms and stereotypes, entrenched economic disparities, and pervasive cultural biases which have continuously stood as barriers to the achievement of gender parity in education. Factors such as early marriage, limited access to quality schooling, and gender-based violence underscore the urgent need for concerted action. The paper therefore recommends the elimination of gender bias and the promotion of collaboration between stakeholders to ensure education for all. Conclusively, the paper emphasizes a call to action, stressing the imperative for collaborative efforts from policymakers, community members, and educators to address the root causes of the gender gap in Nigeria's educational system. It advocates for the prioritization of gender-responsive policies, the promotion of inclusive learning environments, and the cultivation of a societal ethos that values and supports the education of all children, irrespective of gender.
Beyond The Classroom Divide: Gender Discrepancies in Nigeria’s Educational Landscape.
(2024) Oluwatoyin Olatundun ILESANMI, Adebimpe ADENUGBA and Ibironke Damilola ADEFISOYE
The role of education in shaping societal structures and opportunities. This section conceptualizes education as a tool for sustainable development. It also identifies classroom divide and gender disparities as impediments to the achievement of equality in education.
Bridging gender equity gap in Africa: A psychohistorical exposition of Efunsetan Aniwura
(International Journal of Psychology and Counselling. ICEA Building, 17th Floor, Kenyatta Avenue, Nairobi, Kenya., 2010-09-30) Ilesanmi, Oluwatoyin Olatundun
Abstract Efunsetan Aniwura is an example of an African woman who stood against male chauvinism and gender inequity in her time. She wielded economic power in that she owned her own household full of slaves. As her name depicts “Aniwura” meaning “owner of wealth”, was a woman of wealth and spiritual depth in power and authority. A psycho-historical exposition of her personality will reveal the male chauvinistic character of the African society as well as its traditional role of silencing women in the past. This psycho-historical exposition of the personality of Efunsetan Aniwura will no doubt assist in the creation of enabling environment for the present African women to participate in the national development of low-income earning nations of Africa. Realizing Africa’s androcentric cultural and social leaning, this study will also aid in suggesting some extra and special measures that are required to enhance equitable participation of women in national development. Through the pains and agony of Efunsetan Aniwura, this paper identifies the root of gender inequity and discusses issues relating to gender equity in national development in Africa. It suggests practical approaches to equitable participation of women in nation building Key words: Bridging, gender, equity gap, psycho-historical exposition, Efunsetan Aniwura.
COVID-19, Governments’ Response and the Feminisation of Poverty: Ekiti State, Nigeria in Perspective
(Journal of Education Research and Rural Community Development, 2020) Adefisoye, Ibironke Damilola
This article examined the effects of the Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19), and governments’ response action on female poverty in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Discourse on female poverty abounds, but there is the need to revisit the topic, particularly in the light of a global pandemic. In achieving its objective, the qualitative research approach was adopted. The method combined the use of primary data elicited through the conduct of Key informants Interview (KII), and the review of secondary materials to generate data. Ekiti State, as the focus of this study, was purposively selected, while Ekiti Central Senatorial District was conveniently selected from the three Senatorial Districts being the seat of commerce of the State. Three towns from three Local Government Areas under Ekiti Central: Adebayo, (Ado Ekiti); Aramoko (Ekiti West); and Ipoti (Ijero) were randomly selected. A total of seven women, including traders/artisans who are breadwinners of their respective families, were interviewed. Responses were analysed thematically and with the use of the descriptive method. It was found-out that governments’ lockdown measure had a negative effect on commercial activities, as those activities were restricted; an action which had a multiplier effect on female/household poverty. Despite the punitive measures attached to the disobedience of the lockdown order, many women still engaged in ‘illicit’ commercial activities, as a desperate move to feed their respective families. Besides, the palliative provided by the government to cushion the effect of the lockdown was limited to grossly inadequate food items. The paper recommends that government should put in place, as a matter of urgency, a social security scheme such as an emergency fund that would adequately cater for women in the informal sector, and the poorest of them.
Disaster experience of the elderly and the disabled: A Case of the Ife-Modakeke Crisis. In: Rebuilding Sustainable Communities with Vulnerable Populations after the Cameras Have Gone: A Worldwide Study. Edited by Adenrele Awotona.
(Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom., 2012-05) Ilesanmi, Oluwatoyin Olatundun
EFFECTS OF MATERNAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS (SES) ON CHILDHOOD OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY (COWOB) IN NIGERIA
(2017) Ilesanmi Faith Ibitoyosi & Ilesanmi Oluwatoyin Olatundun
Childhood overweight and obesity (COWOB) is currently one of the most important global public health challenges, especially, in developing nations. Studies in Nigeria are beginning to focus attention on its prevalence among children, adolescents, and adults in selected urban and rural areas across the nation. Some of these studies have implicated economic transition and rapid urbanization as well as globalization in its causation. Thus indicating that prevalence data for paediatric overweight and obesity in Nigeria are available. However, there appear to be existing gaps in the literature on the impact of maternal socio-economic status on childhood obesity across the nation. Hence, this study aims to conduct an extensive desk review of the literature to provide a broad overview of the impacts of maternal socioeconomic status (SES) on childhood obesity in Nigeria for improved public health intervention and paediatric Health Planning. Data for this review were obtained from original PubMed articles and EndNote referencing style. Internet search engines (google and google Scholar) were also employed. The years searched were from 1997 to 2016. Keywords: Childhood, Mother, Socio-economic status, Obesity, Overweight.
Efunsetan Aniwura: A Psycho-Historical Exploration of Women’s Psychopathology.
(2014-04) Ilesanmi, Oluwatoyin Olatundun
Abstract—The psycho-social impact of childlessness and the patriarchal nature of the African society on women has been greatly undermined in literature. Factors influencing such impact borders on gender roles and preference of male child over female, so much so that the traditional African woman's human rights has been greatly infringed upon. Efunsetan Aniwura is an example of such African women who stood against male chauvinism and gender inequity in her time. She wielded economic power and owned a household full of slaves. As her name depicts “Aniwura” meaning “owner of Gold”, was a woman of wealth and spiritual depth in power and authority. This study adopted a psycho-historical exploration of oral and written records on the mental health impacts of patriarchy and male chauvinism on women's psychosocial well-being in Africa with a focus on the traditional Yoruba Society in Nigeria. Psycho-historical exploration of the African society and its traditional role of silencing women in the past is rare. This method will no doubt assist in the creation of enabling environment for further research focusing on women’s psychopathology in Africa. It is however not a justification of the terrible acts of despotic leaders, but a mental health case presentation. Index Terms—Psychopathology, psycho-historical exploration, Efunsetan Aniwura.
Family Therapy-Recent Advances in Clinical and Crisis Settings
(IntechOpen Series, 2023-10-25) Ilesanmi, Oluwatoyin Olatundun
Family Therapy - Recent Advances in Clinical and Crisis Settings explores the processes and practices of family systems therapy as conducted in humanitarian situations across the globe. It provides readers with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art, innovative advances in family counselling and psychotherapies for families and couples in humanitarian crises, conflicts, and disasters. It also reviews recent advances in strengths-based therapies and contemporary models such as solution-focused, narrative, and conversational therapies for family relationships. It is a useful resource for a wide range of readers, including professionals, clients and patients, policymakers, decision-makers in healthcare delivery, and representatives of public and private health insurance schemes.
Gender Differences in Sickle Cell Crises: Implications for Genetic Counselling and Psychotherapy
(LONGDOM GROUP SA, Avenue Roger Vandendriessche, 18, 1150 Brussels, 2013) Ilesanmi, Oluwatoyin Olatundun
Abstract Painless and painful crises are common phenomena in sickle cell crises. People with Sickle Cell Disorder (SCD) do experience both chronic and acute pain throughout life. The painful crisis is unpleasant with wide variation in intensity, quality, duration and persistence. It accounts for over 60% of hospital admissions in any given year of persons affected with SCD. Little attempt has been made to survey gender differences in frequency and intensity of pain as well as types of crises often experience by individuals suffering SCD. Thus researches focusing on gender differences in SCD crises are rear despite the fact the two men often report lower pain thresholds, higher pain ratings, and lower to lerance for pain. Men affected by SCD also experience low nitric oxide. Psychologically, women experienced high level of anxiety over pregnancy related crises. Thus, limited understanding and awareness exists among mental health practitioners on the need for genetic counseling and about the psychotherapeutic management of painful crises in persons affected by SCD. Hence, the need for this research that attempt to examine the differences in crises as well as proffer solutions for the genetic and mental health implications of these disorders < Keywords: Sickle cell disorders, Genetics, Counselling, Psychotherapy
Gender Dysphoric Disorder (GDD) in Adolescence: A Psycho-Social Issue for Faithbased Groups and Cultural Societies in Nigeria
(2015-12) Ilesanmi, Oluwatoyin Olatundun
Abstract There exists a dearth of literature on the psychosocial consequences of the “unusual” or atypical sexual practices and gender identity disorders on affected persons and there family members as many cases are either not documented or reported in clinical settings or treated on cultural and or religious grounds. There is also a general lack of professional and research attention drawn to the nature, prevalence and management of these disorders among mental health practitioners and scholars working in faith-based and cultural societies like Nigeria. Therefore, the true incidence of these disorders in Nigeria is at present undetermined. Thus, little is known about what may be done to help people with these disorders in culture bound societies like Nigeria. Hence, the need for this paper which adopted a descriptive and interpretive double hermeneutic phenomenological survey research design to examine the faith-based and cultural definitions and responses to gender dysphoria in Nigeria. A total of 200 subjects participated in the study, one hundred from the faith-based organizations and another one hundred from different cultural groups in Nigeria. The pre-tested Faith-Based/ Cultural Definitions of Gender Dysphoric and Response Instrument was administered to them in their natural setting. Five (5)research questions and three (3) hypotheses were raised and tested at 0.05 level of significance using both simple descriptive statistics and Kruskal Wallis test. The results which have implications for mental health practitioners, faith-based organizations and cultural societies indicated that sexual orientation played significant role in adolescents’ religious beliefs and socio-cultural definitions and attitudes towards sexual deviations and gender dysphoria among adolescent boys and girls in Nigeria. Keywords: Gender Adolescence; Cultural Societies; Dysphoric Disorder (GDD); Faith-based Groups and Psycho-Social Issue
Gendered impact of climate change: Roles and prospects2
(Corpus Intellectual, 2023) Adefisoye, Ibironke Damilola
There has been an unprecedented increase in awareness and advocacy for better climate conditions, albeit with relatively less improvement in the current climate conditions. The consequences of which have been linked to the unsustainable production and consumption levels of the planet’s resources. The impacts of human activities on the planet have ranged from the aggravation of poverty to the destruction of infrastructure and exacerbation of insecurity issues, amongst others. Nevertheless, environmental degradation has differential impacts on women and men. Despite this, the United Nations Women has stated that only 29% of the featured speakers on international platforms on climate change are women. This paper, therefore, engaged in an extensive review of existing literature to understand the differential role of women and men in regard to environmental degradation and its impact on both sexes. This paper employed mainly secondary sources of data collection to arrive at its conclusions. In its findings, it observed that women’s subordination in climate issues could be largely attributed to differences in power relations between women and men, women’s lack of access to resources resulting inthe high rate of poverty, thereby exposing them unequally to the effects of changes in climate. It also established the impacts of climate change on women, with implications ranging from less crop yield to a rise in vulnerability to natural disasters and diseases, among other things.
Genetic Counselling and Logotherapy: Implications for Psychotherapists Interested in Genetic Disorders.
(Global Journals® Headquarters, 945th Concord Streets, Framingham Massachusetts, Pin: 01701, United States of America., 2012-01-15) Ilesanmi, Oluwatoyin Olatundun
Keywords: Genetic Counselling, Genetic Disorders, Logotherapy, Psychotherapists Abstract This paper examines the relevance of genetic counseling and logotherapy in the management of somatogenic and noetic dimensions of psychopathologic disorders among individuals living with heritable disorders such as diabetics sickle cell disorders cystic fibrosis cancer or down syndrome Individuals with genetic disorders often experience meaninglessness feelings of worthlessness alienation deep sited anxiety and depression due to recurrent painful crises and uncertainty of their ability to survive the next crisis Such individuals often depend on drug therapy for the amelioration of their painful somatic condition without considering the option of psychotherapy The study suggests that Frankl s logotherapy could be used to restore a sense of meaning to replace feelings of worthlessness and alienation anxiety and depression in these individuals It also suggests that genetic counseling could be used to determine how genetic conditions run in families and to help a person or family understand their risk for heritable conditions educate the person or family about that disease and assess the risk of passing those diseases on to their children It also highlights some implications for psychotherapists
Humanitarianism and the Global Calls for Volunteerism in the Decade of Action - A Scoping Assessment
(Corpus Intellectual Journal of College of Postgraduate Studies, Redeemer's University Ede, Nigeria, 2023)
The year 2020 sparked off a decade of value driven and high impact action to deliver the Agenda 2030. However, with less than seven years to go, the efforts being made to advance sustainable solutions to end poverty, reduce inequality, bridge gender gaps, rescue the planet, close the finance gap, and build a peaceful world, are far from the speed or scale required. More so, the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and other humanitarian disasters across the globe have negatively impacted the gains of SDGs. These have necessitated the need for transformative recovery from the pandemic to reduce risks from future disasters and re-launch the implementation initiative aimed at delivering the global goals and its Agenda during the Decade of Action. Accordingly, the UN calls for the global, local and people-oriented action. The global level action aims at securing effective leadership, resources, and resolutions for implementing the SDGs. The locally oriented action aims at embedding emerging issues into governments, cities and local authorities’ institutional policies, plans, budgets, and regulatory frameworks. The people-oriented action aims at generating coalition of movement among the relevant key stakeholders including nongovernmental organization, civil society organizations (CSOs), the media outfits, private sector, academic community, youth, and among others for advancing the required transformations.
Indicators of Social Vulnerability and Sustainable Development.
(2014) Ilesanmi, Oluwatoyin Olatundun
The fragility of the human condition in relation to disaster centres on the idea that disasters are simply unavoidable extreme physical events produced by the complex mix of social, political, and economic forces that produce vulnerability of people to hazardous environments. Depending on the nature of the hazard and the socio-cultural context, different groups are more vulnerable than others. Important here is the focus on human agency as expressed in culturally reinforced social practice. That is, the specific things people do, situated in time and space, affect their vulnerability to various kinds of natural hazards. Therefore, in order to effectively address issues of sustainable development in areas that are susceptible to disaster there is the need for the identification of factors that are indicative of social vulnerability (SV) in such societies. Hence, the need for this paper, which examines the indicators of social vulnerability and sustainable development in developing areas like Nigeria susceptible to disaster.
Interrogating the Causes, Effects and Societal Responses to Rape and Child-Defilement in Nigeria
(Interdisciplinary Journal of Rural and Community Studies, 2021) Adefisoye, Ibironke Damilola
Nigeria’s social landscape has been inundated by an alarming spate of rape and child defilement cases, so much more that there is hardly a week without media reports of rape in the country. Records released by the Nigeria Police Force shows that a total of seven hundred and seventeen cases of rape and child defilement were recorded in the first five months of the year 2020. More alarming is the defilement of minors and underage children by adults. The foregoing raises concerns and the need to interrogate the causes of alarming cases of rape and defilement of minors in Nigeria. The mixed methods research approach was adopted to generate both primary and secondary data. For the primary data, an online questionnaire was designed and administered to a total of two hundred and nine Nigerians across various sectors and regions of the country. Besides, six (6) key informants, each from the Ministry of Women, Legal Department, National Human Rights Commission, NGO, religious leader and media practitioners, were interviewed. On the other hand, government reports, gazettes, journal and newspaper articles were used to generate secondary data. Findings show that defilement of minors in Nigeria is perceived from a socio-cultural perspective as an avenue for money rituals. Other causes include mental disorders of perpetrators, alcoholism and substance abuse. Effects of such acts are physical and psychological. Recommendations on ways of curbing the menace include life sentences, name shame of perpetrators, and strict enforcement of existing laws prohibiting rape and defilement in the country

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