Department of Biological Sciences

Permanent URI for this collection

https://repository.run.edu.ng/handle/123456789/70

Browse

Browsing Department of Biological Sciences by Title

Now showing 1 - 20 of 231
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    A year of genomic surveillance reveals how the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic unfolded in Africa
    (Science, 2021-10-23) Femi Ayoade
    The progression of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in Africa has so far been heterogeneous, and the full impact is not yet well understood. In this study, we describe the genomic epidemiology using a dataset of 8746 genomes from 33 African countries and two overseas territories. We show that the epidemics in most countries were initiated by importations predominantly from Europe, which diminished after the early introduction of international travel restrictions. As the pandemic progressed, ongoing transmission in many countries and increasing mobility led to the emergence and spread within the continent of many variants of concern and interest, such as B.1.351, B.1.525, A.23.1, and C.1.1. Although distorted by low sampling numbers and blind spots, the findings highlight that Africa must not be left behind in the global pandemic response, otherwise it could become a source for new variants.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Alteration of Early-Phase Piperaquine Disposition by Concurrent Administration of Clarithromycin in Healthy Volunteers
    (Advances in Pharmacology and Clinical Trials, 2024) Ademisoye A.I.
    Malaria and Helicobacter pylori infections are some of the most prevalent infectious diseases causing thousands of deaths worldwide. Concurrent infections can exacerbate co-morbidities or make worse the management of malaria. Drug-drug interactions arising from activities of CYP450 during concurrent management of the co-infections could worsen management challenges and therapeutic outcomes. Fifteen healthy volunteers were administered single oral dose of P-Alaxin© consisting piperaquine (960 mg) and dihydroartemisinin (240 mg). Following a five-month wash out period, clarithromycin (500 mg) was administered twice daily for five days. A single dose of P-Alaxin© was administered on the 3rd day. Blood samples were collected within 48 hours and analyzed for plasma levels of the administered drugs using RP-HPLC methods. The Tmax was 5.2±2.11 h vs 5.47±2.56 h and did not vary significantly p>0.05. However, Cmax and AUC0-48, of piperaquine when concurrently administered with clarithromycin increased significantly (179.41±56.35 ng/ml vs 478.99 ± 148.86 ng/ml; 37,644.56 ± 16.716.95 vs 104,098.47 ± 53.311.57 ng/ml*h respectively (p<0.05).quine during concurrent administration could be a pointer to major drug interactions that may manifest during full course of management of the concurrent infections. pharmacokinetic parameters in the early phase metabolism of piperaquine during concurrent administration cou
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Aneamia Following Artemisinin-Based Combination Treatments of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Children: Temporal Patterns of Heamatocrit and the Use of Uncomplicated Hyperparasitemia as a Model for Evaluating Late Appearing Anaemia.
    (Chemotherapy, 2017) Folarin, Onikepe
    Background: In severe malaria, intravenous artesunate may cause delayed haemolytic anaemia but there has been little evaluation of the propensity of oral artemisinin-based combination treatments (ACTs) to cause late-appearing anaemia. Methods: The frequency of anaemia (haematocrit:total parasitaemia cleared, and mean haematocrit 5 weeks after treatment began were significantly lower in hyperparasitaemic children than in children without hyperparasitaemia, suggesting haematocrit conservation during treatment followed later by a loss of haematocrit. Asymptomatic late-appearing anaemia occurred in 6% of the children. Conclusion: Artesunate-amodiaquine and artemether-lumefantrine contribute to haematocrit conservation at high parasitaemias but may cause late-appearing anaemia.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Antibacterial Efficacy of Vernonia Amygdalina Against Bacteria Strains Recovered from Hospital Fomites, Nigeria
    (Current Trends on Biotechnology & Microbiology, 2020-11-20) Oluwatoyin Modupe Aladejana
    This study was carried out to evaluate the occurrence of bacteria from hospital fomites and the antibacterial activity extract from Vernonia mygdalina against bacteria isolates. The colonies obtained were subjected to colonial characteristics and conventional biochemical test with reference to Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was performed using the Kirby-Bauer’s disc diffusion methods while the antimicrobial activity of the extract was performed by using well diffusion method. Proteus species (18%) were the most revalent bacteria followed by Staphylococcus spp (16%) while Actinobacter spp and Photobacterium spp have the least of 1%. All the isolates showed high resistant (100%) to various antibiotics tested while they are sensitive to ofloxacin. The bioactive extract of Vernonia amygdalina revealed the presence of some active medicinal constituent. The antibacterial activity of the extract against the organisms produced a zone of inhibition which ranged between 4.5-15mm at 100mg/ml concentration while it ranged between 2.0-12.1mm at 50mg/ml. In conclusion, this study showed that hospital fomites harbour highly pathogenic bacteria which have the potentials of causing epidemics in the nearest future. Therefore, the efficacy of Vernonia amygdalina against clinical resistant isolates could be explored for further pharmaceutical use and should be encouraged in the formulation and production of new antibiotics.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    ANTIBIOTIC PROFILING OF DENTOGINGIVAL BACTERIAL FLORA OF PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS IN AGO IWOYE, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
    (American Journal of Research Communication, 2013-01-01) Osho, Adeleke
    he dentogingival bacterial flora was determined using cultural method while the antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using agar disc diffusion techniques and interpreted as described by clinical laboratory standard institutes. Also, the levels of bacterial counts were determined on appropriate selective media prior to confirmation using biochemical test. Results obtained, showed on alarming trend of important dental caries pathogens in the following proportion Streptococcus sobrinus 22 (21.8%), Streptococcus oralis 22 (21.8%, Streptococcus mutans 26 (25.7%, Streptococcus mitis 17 (16.8%), Actinomyces, naeslundii 4 (3.96%) and Neisseria mucosa 10(9.9%). The antibiogram assay potrayed ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin as the most resisted by the isolated organisms while ampicillin was found to be the most efficacious. The levels of bacterial counts ranged from 1 X 103 to 3 X 104 cfulg of the food sediments examined. It can therefore, be concluded, that the studied population harbour arrays of dental caries agent in their mouth.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Antimicrobial Activities of Extracts of Macrosphyra longistyla against Gram-Positive Oral Biofilm-Formers from School Children in Southwestern Nigeria and Toxicity Studies Using Brine Shrimps
    (2024-03-13) Folarin, Onikepe
    The world will benefit from more effective antimicrobial agents against oral conditions arising from the actions of biofilm forming bacteria. Also, infor mation is lacking on the oral biofilm-forming bacterial diversity in South western Nigeria. In this study, we isolate and characterize oral biofilm pro ducing bacteria in the oral cavities of schoolchildren in Southwestern Nigeria. We also investigate the antimicrobial properties of Macrosphyra longistyla extracts against the biofilm-formers and the toxicity of potent extracts. Sam ples were obtained from 109 schoolchildren aged 4 - 14 years from Lagos, Oyo and Osun States. Agar well diffusion technique was used in the antimi crobial susceptibility testing. Toxicity testing was done using brine shrimps (Artemia salina). Biofilm-formers in this study are Klebsiella sp., Streptococ cus sp., Staphylococcus sp., and Micrococcus sp. Ethanol leaf extracts had the highest activity against all biofilm-producing bacteria. Ethanol stem bark ex tract, which elicited activity against Klebsiella only, was found to be less toxic than the ethanol leaf extract. Staphylococcus showed >10 mm susceptibility to the ethanol and aqueous extracts of Macrosphyra longistyla. Streptococcus and Micrococcus were susceptible to the antimicrobial actions of the ethanol ic leaf extracts. Although the ethanol extracts of the leaves had lower mini mum inhibitory concentrations than the ethanol extracts of the stem bark, toxicity studies showed ethanol extracts of the stem-bark to be more toxic than the ethanol extracts of the leaves. In conclusion, ethanolic extracts of Macrosphyra longistyla show potential as sources of antimicrobials against gram-positive, oral biofilm-forming bacteria. Keywords Biofilms, Plant Extracts, Toxicity, Bacteria, Susceptibility, Antimicrobial
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Antimicrobial Efficacy, Secondary Metabolite Constituents, Ligand Docking of Enantia chlorantha on Selected Multidrug Resistance Bacteria and Fungi
    (Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology, 2020-11-11) Oluwatoyin Modupe Aladejana
    This study aimed at determining the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial efficacy of Enantia chlorantha on multidrug resistance microorganisms.And also to study the interaction of plant secondary metabolite (phytochemicals) from Enantia chlorantha with three proteins. Antimicrobial activity of the extracts of E. chlorantha (leaf and stem bark) against selected microorganisms was done using agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were also determined using standard methods. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of E. chlorantha were also determined. The molecular docking was determined using in-silico techniques and was elucidated. Protein generation, Ligand generation and Ligand Docking using GLIDE were determined. Standard precision (SP) flexible ligand docking was carried out in Glide of Schrödinger-Maestro 11.1 and the extra-precision (XP) mode. The crude extracts tested showed antimicrobial activities against all the test bacterial and fungal isolates for the stem bark extract while the leaf extract showed antimicrobial activities against some of the isolates with little differences. The zones of inhibition ranges between 9mm-24mm at 100mg/ml for the ethanol extract and 10mm-13mm at 12.5mg/ml. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) at which the isolates were sensitive to the various extracts differed and the MIC values ranged from 12.5mg/ml to 100mg/ml while the MBC for the organisms ranged from 25mg/ml to 100mg/ml.The qualitative phytochemical screening of Enantia chlorantha leaf and stem bark revealed the presence of medicinally active constituent such as cardiac glycoside, steroids, anthraquinone, tannin, saponin, phenol, and reducing sugar. The quantitative phytochemical screening of E. chlorantha stem bark and leaf using different solvents, showed the presence of different phytoconstituents in different quantities. Molecular docking results revealed some components of the plant to be more active compared to levofloxacin by inhibiting topoisomerase IV. Jartrorrhizine-1 and canadine-1 present in Enantia chlorantha have docking scores of -2.267 and 1.625 respectively which are greater than that of levofloxacin (-1.557) against Salmonella typhi. For Staphylococcus aureus, Argentine.sdf (-7.373) and Jartrorrhizine.sdf (-4.225) have high docking scores compared to Levofloxacin.sdf (-3.436) as well as Candida albican.The promising evidence for the antimicrobial effects of E. chlorantha against bacterial and fungal isolates in this study especially the stem bark extract showed that Enantia chlorantha is more effective at treating diseases caused by Salmonella typhi and other organisms and therefore can be used as an alternative source of therapeutic agents.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Antimicrobial Evaluation of Phyllanthus amarus Leaf Extracts Against Beta-Lactmase Resistance Escherichia coli isolated from Eidolon helvum
    (Research Journal of Microbiology, 2023-05-09) Oluwatoyin Modupe Aladejana
    Background and Objective: Prophylactic use of medicinal plants in the treatment of human and animal infections and diseases has greatly improved over the years and continuously been explored. The study was conducted to assess the antimicrobial activity of Phyllanthus amarus against Escherichia coli isolated from Eidolon helvum (Straw Coloured Fruit Bat). Materials and Methods: A total of seventeen Escherichia coli isolates were grown on eosin methylene blue agar and MacConkey agar. Biochemical tests were carried out and antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using Kirby-Bauer’s disc diffusion technique. Results: The results were interpreted according Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The aqueous and ethanol plant extracts of dry Phyllanthus amarus leaves were retrieved in ratio 3:1 of plant to water and plant to ethanol. The highest zones of inhibition recorded were 16 mm for aqueous extract and 14 mm for ethanol extract at concentration of 25 mg mLG1. Bioactive compounds found in both aqueous and ethanol extracts of Phyllanthus amarus include alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, anthraquinones and glycosides. Tannins were found in the aqueous extract only while terpenoids were found in the ethanol extracts only. Furthermore, the GC-MS analysis of the plant extract revealed that the aqueous and ethanol extracts are rich in phytochemicals which has been reported to have antioxidant and other biological activities. Conclusion: It was concluded that Phyllanthus amarus can be considered a good alternative to antibiotics in the case of infections and diseases caused by multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli from straw coloured fruit bats when taken in the appropriate dosage.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences
    (Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2021-04-23) Oluwatoyin Modupe Aladejana
    Thryonomys swinderianus (grasscutter) is a source of meat with high nutritional values, low in cholesterol and relatively high in protein therefore, it is a sort for in Nigeria and some other African countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potentials for zoonotic infections and for the presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the faecal samples of Thryonomys swinderianus. Fresh faecal samples were collected from seven (7) Thryonomys swinderianus at selling point in Sekona, Osun State, Nigeria. They were cultured on appropriate media and a total of 62 enteric bacterial isolates were recovered, they are:- Escherichia coli 22 (365.5 %), Enterobacter cloacae, 12 (19.4%), Citrobacter koseri 9 (14.5%), Citrobacter freundii 4 (6.6 %), , Klebsiella pneumoniae 10 (16.1 %), Klebsiella oxytoca 1 (1.6 %) and Serratia liquefaciens 4 (6.6%) Escherichia coli O157:H7 were found to be 50% of the Escherichia coli present. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Using commercially available antibiotic disc. The percentage of multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) for all the isolates were quite high for cefiazidime (100%), augumentin (99.1%), cefuroxime (97.1%), cerixime (85.02%), but relatively low for ciprofloxacin (3.4%), oflaxacin (1.82%), and all the isolates were susceptible to nitrofurantoin. All the enteric bacteria isolated from faecal samples of grass cutter were multiple antibiotic resistance bacteria and of great health concern. In conclusion Thryonomys swinderianus harbors different enteric bacteria which could cause several infections in humans, and nitrofurantoin can help the physician in the management of infections caused by the animals.