Department of Civil Engineering

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    Weibull Technique for Evaluation of Swelling: Composite Graphite Resin Electrode for Electrochemical Treatment of Gold Mining Wastewaters
    (Materials Science Forum, 2024-02) Opeyemi K. Olayanju
    This paper evaluated the swelling of graphite resin electrodes developed for utilization in the electrochemical treatment of gold mining wastewater. Graphite-resin electrodes were developed from used dry cells and resin using non-heat treatment processes (segregation). The Microstructure of the electrode was determined using a scanning electron microscope (Carl Zeiss Smart Evo 10) to ascertain the composition of the electrode. The swelling property of the electrodes was measured using the standard method through a combination of gold mining wastewater and chloride salt solutions. Effects of operational factors (particle size, percentage binder and compressive “compacting” pressure) on the swelling of the electrodes were monitored and evaluated statistically (using analysis of variance). Weibull probability distribution (2 and 3 parameters) was applied to the swelling through Microsoft Excel Solver and Moment Likelihood Method to ascertain the usefulness of the electrode in environmental pollution control through computation of reliability. The study revealed that the swelling was in the range of 1.48 % to 2.24 %, particle size (F5,20 =196.48, p = 2.76 x 10-16), percentage binder (F4,12 =181.58, p = 1.27 x 10-10), and compressive pressure (F3,12 = 106.69, p = 6.43 x 10-9) were significant factors that influence swelling of graphite-resin electrode at 95 % confidence level. the values of α and β for 2-parameters Weibull distribution are 63.162 and 15.098, and 1.265 and 10.089 for MSE and MLM methods, respectively. The Table shows that the values of α, β and θ for 3-parameters Weibull distribution are 3.679, 8.097 and 0.168, and 4.350, 7.165 and 0.198 for MSE and MLM methods, respectively. It was concluded that particle size and compacting pressure are significant factors that had an effect on the swelling of graphite resin electrodes for treatment water and wastewater.
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    Green Chemistry Perspective as a Driver in the Removal of Endocrine Disruptive Chemicals from Water
    (American Chemical Society, 2023-10) Opeyemi K. Olayanju
    Currently, one of the major challenges of the twenty-first century is the pollution of global water with chemicals that imitate hormones in the human body and block receptor sites, thus, upsetting the regular functioning of the endocrine system. Several methods have been advanced for removing these chemical contaminants in water. Nevertheless, several of these methods are inefficient and cause secondary environmental problems. Hence, there is a need for green approaches for the removal of these contaminants present in water. A green approach to the design and the removal processes of these endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) from water has been recognized as one major route to attaining the United Nations sustainable development goals #6 and 3. This article, therefore, gives an overview of the occurrence of EDCs in aquatic environments, their effects on public health, and management through green and sustainable processes. The article advances in green approach for different water treatment techniques applied and material synthesis employed in the management of EDCs in water from the perspective of several principles of green chemistry. Removal techniques and materials whose synthetic routes are considered to have satisfied at least one of the 12 principles of green chemistry were considered. This chapter provides requisite knowledge that can drive the proper selection of sustainable methods and the design of materials to abate EDCs in water.
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    SIMULATION OF RELIABILITY, RELIABILITY INDEX, PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION AND FAILURE FUNCTIONS FROM WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION FOR ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS
    (FUDMA Journal of Sciences, 2024-06) Opeyemi K. Olayanju
    In modelling and simulating future rainfall for a selected location, the probability distributions have been established to be an effective tool. In this study, the different methods utilised in the estimation of the probability distributions’ parameters were evaluated and presented using Weibull's two parameters. Different estimator methods (mean rank, median rank, symmetric, graphical, least square, empirical, maximum likelihood, general probability, modified maximum likelihood, Mabchour, alternative maximum likelihood, equivalent energy, moment expression, Lysen and Moment methods) were used to determine probability density function, reliability, reliability index and failure functions of rainfall data from Maiduguri. The performances of these different methods were compared probability density function, reliability, reliability index and failure functions of Weibull two parameters. The study revealed that the values of probability distribution dimensionless shape variables were between 1.0193 and 4.205, and probability distribution scale factor constants were between 0.302 and 7.254. These values are all positive (non-negative values or less than zero) values. It was established that there were significant differences (F108, 1728 was 162.1976 and the probability (p) was zero) between the individual reliabilities and Weibull estimators (F15, 1620 was 14928.98 and probability was zero) at a 95 % confidence level (p less than 0.05). It was concluded that caution must be taken in the utilization of general probability, equivalent energy, Alternative Maximum Likelihood Method and moment expression methods in any engineering applications to prevent failure of devices or infrastructure.
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    Performance Evaluation of Microsoft Excel Solver in The Pipe Network of An Open Loops
    (Science Forum, 2023-11) Opeyemi K. Olayanju
    In this paper, pipe network analysis was conducted on an open loop system utilising Microsoft Excel Solver (MiES) as a way to evaluate the performance of MiES and attain a sustainable potable water supply scheme. The pipe network, a non-closed loop, was analysed using MiES. Selected hydraulic variables (discharge rate, velocity of water flow, friction factor in the pipe, Reynold’s number of the flow and headloss due to friction loss) were determined. Models that relate the friction factor of the pipe to the selected hydraulic parameter and diameter of the pipe selected were developed using Microsoft Excel Solver and evaluated statistically (using correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination). These equations to establish the flows were solved using the Microsoft Excel Solver method to calculate, pump characteristics parameters, headloss and flows. These calculated flows and headloss were evaluated statistically using root squared error, total error, mean squared error, average error, analysis of variances (ANOVA), sum of error, and model of selection criterion (MSC), using results of hydraulic parameters from EPANET as standard. The study revealed that the flow rate computed for the pipes was comparable for the two equations (EPANET and MiES) and there are no significant differences between the expected flow rates and computed flow rates in the pipes using continuity equations using the two techniques (statistical F41,41 was 0.785774; probability was 0.7782333) at 95 % confidence level. The best model was a model that relates the friction factor of the pipe to the hydraulic parameter and diameter with an MSC of 3.094. It was concluded that determining flow rate and conducting pipe network analysis with MiES is among the best techniques for pipe network analysis. The calculated flow rates using MiES were similar to the computed flow rate using the EPANET technique and there was no significant difference between these calculated flow rates using the two techniques
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    SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF THE GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS: A CASE STUDY OF ELIZADE UNIVERSITY
    (FUDMA Journal of Sciences, 2024-10) Opeyemi K. Olayanju
    Soil variability can alter the mechanical behaviour of foundations. It is therefore, necessary to conduct site investigations specific geotechnical analysis before any construction. This study evaluated selected engineering index and properties of soils at three different locations (sites) and depths withing Elizade University (EU), Ilara-Mokin. Five soil samples were collected from each of these locations and their engineering index and properties were determined. Statistical analysis namely Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was utilised to determine the effects of location within the campus on the selected engineering properties. The mean and standard deviation (SD) of the engineering properties of soils collected within each site were also determined. The study revealed that plastic index (Pi), liquid limit (LL), moisture content (Mc), and plastic limit (Pl) were in the range of 4 to 32, 38 to 58.5, 11.6 to 29.04 %, 20 to 42 and respectively. The engineering index of the soil and engineering properties of the soil were significantly affected by the location with F14,42 equal to 2.592212, p was 0.008673 and F14, 42 equal to 3.210318 and p was 0.001719, respectively (which are less than 0.05). The high SD also showed that the soil properties have a wide range of values within same site, this was particularly so, in the case of the Atterberg’s limits, shear strength parameters and bearing capacities. The concluded that there is variability in the soil properties within the location.