Department of Humanitarian and Development Studies

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21st Century Slavery - A Psychosocial Exploration of Human Trafficking, Migrant Smuggling and Enslavement in Africa
(IntechOpen Series, 2023-05-23) Ilesanmi, Oluwatoyin Olatundun
Abstract This paper seeks to investigate human trafficking, migrant smuggling, and enslavement as global phenomena, public health concerns, gross violations of human rights, and crimes against humanity and the state. The twenty-first century slavery revolves around illegal control, including forced labor, debt bondage, forced marriage, slavery and slavery-like practices, and human trafficking. Thus, SDG Targets 5.2 and 8.7 stipulated that immediate and effective measures should be taken by all concerns to eradicate forced labor- end modern slavery, human trafficking, sexual and other types of exploitation, as well as to secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labor among others. The desktop approach was used to identify the varied forms of these menaces and their perpetrators. A wide range of secondary sources of data in peer-reviewed and edited conference proceedings, workshop proceedings, and published articles in local and international journals were consulted to obtain an in-depth appreciation of the problem being investigated. The paper further highlighted the psychosocial effects of human trafficking, migrant smuggling, and enslavement. The article concludes with recommendations for ending all forms of slavery in the global community in line with the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action.
21st Century Slavery: The Various Forms of Human Enslavement in Today's World.
(IntechOpen, 2024-02-07) Ilesanmi, Oluwatoyin Olatundun
More than 46 million people are currently victims of 21st-century slavery globally, most of whom are women and children. This book, 21st Century Slavery - The Various Forms of Human Enslavement in Today’s World provides a comprehensive overview of modern-day slavery, also known as contemporary slavery, neo-slavery, institutional slavery, and numerous other terms. It includes eight chapters that highlight human trafficking and explain and explore the act of recruiting, harbouring, transporting, providing, or obtaining a person for compelled labour or commercial sex acts using force, fraud, or coercion. The book discusses the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring, and receipt of persons by improper means (such as force, abduction, fraud, or coercion) for an improper purpose including forced labour or sexual exploitation. It concludes that the world must not accept slavery in the 21st century. This volume is a useful resource on modern slavery for all academics interested in humanitarian and development studies across the globe and to all policymakers and governments of nations who are pushing for the elimination of all forms of slavery in their nationhood.
A Scoping Analysis of the Psychosocial and Health Implications of COVID-19 Comorbidity-Related Complications in the African States: Recent Developments in Counseling and Therapeutic Options.
(2022-04-22) Ilesanmi, O. O., Ilesanmi, F. I. , Hajji, R., & Moussa, G.
Since the upsurge of Coronavirus in 2019, the WHO and the US CDC have been detecting and characterizing new variants and providing updates to healthcare workers, the public, and global partners on its spread and effects on patients with noncommunicable diseases and co-morbid ailments. Epidemiology and virologic evidence suggest that COVID-19 and its subsequent deadly variants have been associated with mental and neurological manifestations, including delirium or encephalopathy, agitation, acute cerebrovascular disease, meningoencephalitis, impaired sense of smell or taste, anxiety, depression, and sleep problems. While data on these complications may be available in the global north and south, there is a paucity of literature in most African States. Recent developments in COVID-19-related theories and concepts include ethical principles for clinical, counseling, psycho-therapeutic, and rehabilitation options for special and vulnerable populations, such as pediatric patients, pregnant women, mothers, older people, PLWDs, and other marginalized groups. However, there is no known coordinated and multidisciplinary continuum of clinical, counseling, and psychotherapy COVID-19 care pathways for symptomatic and asymptomatic patients and their families in the African States. Hence, the need for this scoping analysis of existing literature on the psycho-social and health implications of COVID-19 Comorbidity-Related Complications for vulnerable persons in developing societies.
Bridging gender equity gap in Africa: A psychohistorical exposition of Efunsetan Aniwura
(International Journal of Psychology and Counselling. ICEA Building, 17th Floor, Kenyatta Avenue, Nairobi, Kenya., 2010-09-30) Ilesanmi, Oluwatoyin Olatundun
Abstract Efunsetan Aniwura is an example of an African woman who stood against male chauvinism and gender inequity in her time. She wielded economic power in that she owned her own household full of slaves. As her name depicts “Aniwura” meaning “owner of wealth”, was a woman of wealth and spiritual depth in power and authority. A psycho-historical exposition of her personality will reveal the male chauvinistic character of the African society as well as its traditional role of silencing women in the past. This psycho-historical exposition of the personality of Efunsetan Aniwura will no doubt assist in the creation of enabling environment for the present African women to participate in the national development of low-income earning nations of Africa. Realizing Africa’s androcentric cultural and social leaning, this study will also aid in suggesting some extra and special measures that are required to enhance equitable participation of women in national development. Through the pains and agony of Efunsetan Aniwura, this paper identifies the root of gender inequity and discusses issues relating to gender equity in national development in Africa. It suggests practical approaches to equitable participation of women in nation building Key words: Bridging, gender, equity gap, psycho-historical exposition, Efunsetan Aniwura.
Disaster experience of the elderly and the disabled: A Case of the Ife-Modakeke Crisis. In: Rebuilding Sustainable Communities with Vulnerable Populations after the Cameras Have Gone: A Worldwide Study. Edited by Adenrele Awotona.
(Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom., 2012-05) Ilesanmi, Oluwatoyin Olatundun
Efunsetan Aniwura: A Psycho-Historical Exploration of Women’s Psychopathology.
(2014-04) Ilesanmi, Oluwatoyin Olatundun
Abstract—The psycho-social impact of childlessness and the patriarchal nature of the African society on women has been greatly undermined in literature. Factors influencing such impact borders on gender roles and preference of male child over female, so much so that the traditional African woman's human rights has been greatly infringed upon. Efunsetan Aniwura is an example of such African women who stood against male chauvinism and gender inequity in her time. She wielded economic power and owned a household full of slaves. As her name depicts “Aniwura” meaning “owner of Gold”, was a woman of wealth and spiritual depth in power and authority. This study adopted a psycho-historical exploration of oral and written records on the mental health impacts of patriarchy and male chauvinism on women's psychosocial well-being in Africa with a focus on the traditional Yoruba Society in Nigeria. Psycho-historical exploration of the African society and its traditional role of silencing women in the past is rare. This method will no doubt assist in the creation of enabling environment for further research focusing on women’s psychopathology in Africa. It is however not a justification of the terrible acts of despotic leaders, but a mental health case presentation. Index Terms—Psychopathology, psycho-historical exploration, Efunsetan Aniwura.
Family Therapy-Recent Advances in Clinical and Crisis Settings
(IntechOpen Series, 2023-10-25) Ilesanmi, Oluwatoyin Olatundun
Family Therapy - Recent Advances in Clinical and Crisis Settings explores the processes and practices of family systems therapy as conducted in humanitarian situations across the globe. It provides readers with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art, innovative advances in family counselling and psychotherapies for families and couples in humanitarian crises, conflicts, and disasters. It also reviews recent advances in strengths-based therapies and contemporary models such as solution-focused, narrative, and conversational therapies for family relationships. It is a useful resource for a wide range of readers, including professionals, clients and patients, policymakers, decision-makers in healthcare delivery, and representatives of public and private health insurance schemes.
Gender Differences in Sickle Cell Crises: Implications for Genetic Counselling and Psychotherapy
(LONGDOM GROUP SA, Avenue Roger Vandendriessche, 18, 1150 Brussels, 2013) Ilesanmi, Oluwatoyin Olatundun
Abstract Painless and painful crises are common phenomena in sickle cell crises. People with Sickle Cell Disorder (SCD) do experience both chronic and acute pain throughout life. The painful crisis is unpleasant with wide variation in intensity, quality, duration and persistence. It accounts for over 60% of hospital admissions in any given year of persons affected with SCD. Little attempt has been made to survey gender differences in frequency and intensity of pain as well as types of crises often experience by individuals suffering SCD. Thus researches focusing on gender differences in SCD crises are rear despite the fact the two men often report lower pain thresholds, higher pain ratings, and lower to lerance for pain. Men affected by SCD also experience low nitric oxide. Psychologically, women experienced high level of anxiety over pregnancy related crises. Thus, limited understanding and awareness exists among mental health practitioners on the need for genetic counseling and about the psychotherapeutic management of painful crises in persons affected by SCD. Hence, the need for this research that attempt to examine the differences in crises as well as proffer solutions for the genetic and mental health implications of these disorders < Keywords: Sickle cell disorders, Genetics, Counselling, Psychotherapy
Genetic Counselling and Logotherapy: Implications for Psychotherapists Interested in Genetic Disorders.
(Global Journals® Headquarters, 945th Concord Streets, Framingham Massachusetts, Pin: 01701, United States of America., 2012-01-15) Ilesanmi, Oluwatoyin Olatundun
Keywords: Genetic Counselling, Genetic Disorders, Logotherapy, Psychotherapists Abstract This paper examines the relevance of genetic counseling and logotherapy in the management of somatogenic and noetic dimensions of psychopathologic disorders among individuals living with heritable disorders such as diabetics sickle cell disorders cystic fibrosis cancer or down syndrome Individuals with genetic disorders often experience meaninglessness feelings of worthlessness alienation deep sited anxiety and depression due to recurrent painful crises and uncertainty of their ability to survive the next crisis Such individuals often depend on drug therapy for the amelioration of their painful somatic condition without considering the option of psychotherapy The study suggests that Frankl s logotherapy could be used to restore a sense of meaning to replace feelings of worthlessness and alienation anxiety and depression in these individuals It also suggests that genetic counseling could be used to determine how genetic conditions run in families and to help a person or family understand their risk for heritable conditions educate the person or family about that disease and assess the risk of passing those diseases on to their children It also highlights some implications for psychotherapists
Humanitarianism and the Global Calls for Volunteerism in the Decade of Action - A Scoping Assessment
(Corpus Intellectual Journal of College of Postgraduate Studies, Redeemer's University Ede, Nigeria, 2023)
The year 2020 sparked off a decade of value driven and high impact action to deliver the Agenda 2030. However, with less than seven years to go, the efforts being made to advance sustainable solutions to end poverty, reduce inequality, bridge gender gaps, rescue the planet, close the finance gap, and build a peaceful world, are far from the speed or scale required. More so, the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and other humanitarian disasters across the globe have negatively impacted the gains of SDGs. These have necessitated the need for transformative recovery from the pandemic to reduce risks from future disasters and re-launch the implementation initiative aimed at delivering the global goals and its Agenda during the Decade of Action. Accordingly, the UN calls for the global, local and people-oriented action. The global level action aims at securing effective leadership, resources, and resolutions for implementing the SDGs. The locally oriented action aims at embedding emerging issues into governments, cities and local authorities’ institutional policies, plans, budgets, and regulatory frameworks. The people-oriented action aims at generating coalition of movement among the relevant key stakeholders including nongovernmental organization, civil society organizations (CSOs), the media outfits, private sector, academic community, youth, and among others for advancing the required transformations.
Indicators of Social Vulnerability and Sustainable Development.
(2014) Ilesanmi, Oluwatoyin Olatundun
The fragility of the human condition in relation to disaster centres on the idea that disasters are simply unavoidable extreme physical events produced by the complex mix of social, political, and economic forces that produce vulnerability of people to hazardous environments. Depending on the nature of the hazard and the socio-cultural context, different groups are more vulnerable than others. Important here is the focus on human agency as expressed in culturally reinforced social practice. That is, the specific things people do, situated in time and space, affect their vulnerability to various kinds of natural hazards. Therefore, in order to effectively address issues of sustainable development in areas that are susceptible to disaster there is the need for the identification of factors that are indicative of social vulnerability (SV) in such societies. Hence, the need for this paper, which examines the indicators of social vulnerability and sustainable development in developing areas like Nigeria susceptible to disaster.
Innovative Family Therapy for Households in Global Complex Humanitarian Crises.
(2024) Oluwatoyin Olatundun Ilesanmi, Faith Ibitoyosi Ilesanmi and Raouf Hajji
Abstract The relief societies are diverse and consist of humanitarian organizations and humanitarian NGOs. They provide emergency aid interventions to victims of armed conflicts, protracted wars, famines, and natural disasters across the globe. The relief societies have witnessed multiple arrays of complex humanitarian catastrophes affecting families in varying degrees in a global dimension and impact. These societies have been providing lifesaving assistance and protection for victims of war, orphans, and vulnerable groups. They have been reducing the impact of humanitarian crises on families and communities, providing aid for recovery and improving preparedness for future emergencies for moral, altruistic, and emotional reasons. Crisis-impacted families may be located far from the fragile locale or in the eye of the storm. Their losses may be psychosocial, economic, or psychological distress or mental health issues. At the onset of the Russian–Ukrainian War, families across the global community are already counting their losses. These call for novel therapeutic interventions among clinicians and counseling psychotherapists. This chapter, therefore, highlights existing strategies for innovative therapeutic measures for families affected by complex humanitarian emergencies. Keywords effectsinnovative family-focused therapieshouseholdsvulnerable personscomplex humanitarian emergencies
Introduction to Feminist Thinkers.
(Malthouse Press., 2021) Ilesanmi, Oluwatoyin Olatundun
The root of male dominance and prejudices against women dates back to biblical narrative where the fall of man is blamed on Eve, not Adam. As early as the fourth century BC, the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (384 – 322 BC) claimed that “women were women by virtue of a certain lack of qualities” and that “The man is by nature superior, and the female inferior; and the one rules and the other is ruled.” According to Simone de Beauvoir (1973) and Millet (1970) males considered female “the other” sex. Generally, feminism is a global response to society’s wide-ranging traditions and practices that make women subservient to men. Before the emergence of feminism in the 18th century, women were treated as objects and passive agents in a male world; and were subjected to various forms of overt and implicit discrimination.
Introductory chapter: Family Therapy - Recent Advances in Clinical and Crisis Settings.
(2023-10-25) Ilesanmi, Oluwatoyin Olatundun
Promoting recent advances in family therapy for the psychosocial strengthening of bonding, cohesion, healing, and behavior modification in response to adversity in clinical settings is a burning global public and mental health concern. Families are an important part of the social fabric and support system as well as an integral part of the psychological treatment and therapeutic processes involved in the management of individuals with mental illness potentially induced by traumatic events such as the loss of loved ones, disasters, accidents, addiction, and other causes. Family reactions and dysfunctional responses to disastrous events and catastrophes may induce the risk of anxiety, depression, distress, trauma, post-traumatic stress symptoms, and emotional and behavioral problems in individuals and may also lower the capacity for resilience and adjustment
Pathological basis of symptoms and crises in sickle cell disorder: implications for counseling and psychotherapy
(PAGEPress, Italy, 2010-04-13) Ilesanmi, Oluwatoyin Olatundun
Abstract Sickle Cell Disorder (SCD) is a congenital hemoglobinopathy. There is little in literature regarding the psychological variables affecting individuals living with SCD and all of the significant people around them. There are also limited numbers of trained clinical psychologists and genetic counselors to cater for the psychotherapeutic needs of individuals living with SCD. Even among those who have been trained, only a few might have fully grasped the complexities of the disease pathology. Early understanding of its pathological nature, sources, types, complications, pathophysiological basis, and clinical severity of symptoms among clinical psychologists, genetic counselors and psychotherapists, as well as general medical practitioners, could guide them in providing holistic care for dealing with and reducing pain among individuals living with SCD. It could allow risk-based counseling for families and individuals. It could also justify the early use of disease-modifying or curative interventions, such as hydroxyurea (HU), chronic transfusions (CTs), or stem-cell transplantation (SCT) by general medical practitioners. Hence, the need for this paper on the pathophysiology of SCD. Keywords: counseling and psychotherapy.; implications; pathology; sickle cell disorder.
Psychological effects of rural versus urban environment on adolescent’s behaviour following pubertal changes
(Ife PsychologIA, an International Journal of Psychology in Africa., 2010-02) Ilesanmi O.O., Osiki J.O. & Falaye A
Abstract Effects of urban versus rural environment on pubertal changes have lately been an issue of greater concern to researches interested in studying adolescent developmental stages. This study adopted Erickson‘s ecological theory in understanding the effects of environment on the pubertal changes of Nigerian youth. The study involves 350 (170 [48.57%] males & 180 [51.43%] females) urban and rural adolescents from Ibadan, Oyo State and Esie-Iludun, Kwara State, Nigeria participated in the study. Out of this, 167 [47.71%] were urban adolescents, and 183 [52.28%] were rural adolescents. Participants age range = 13-19 years, with a mean age of 14.54 {sd = 3.12} years. Six hypotheses were raised and tested at 0.05 level of significance. Adolescent Sexual Behaviour & Cultural Belief Inventory was utilized for data collection. The descriptive statistics and Student t.test statistics were used in data analysis between urban versus rural environments and within gender. The finding showed that the mean score of urban adolescent [52.29 (sd = 11.0)] is higher than that of the rural adolescents [47.71(sd = 13.13)]. The differences found may be influenced by environment. This implies that environment (rural & urban) has influence on adolescents following the onset of puberty. But the difference is not significant at P<0.05, df =348, t =1.045.
Psychotherapy for Peace and Conflict Resolution
(Ife PsychologIA, an International Journal of Psychology in Africa., 2008-05-30) Olowu A. A. & Ilesanmi O. O
Abstract Psychotherapy is any form of psychological treatment for behavioural or emotional problems. Peace and Conflict resolution are current and relevant issues in contemporary societies. This paper attempts to present psychotherapeutic techniques for dealing with hostility, resentment, manipulation, sexual harassment, non-performing co-workers and conflicting job assignments. The need for evolving further psychotherapies for lasting peace and conflict resolution is suggested. A thirty-seven minute film facilitates the training.
Sexual Violence and Vicarious Trauma: A Case Study
(Gender and Behaviour. The Ife Center for Psychological Studies, NigeriaIfe PsychologIA, an International Journal of Psychology in Africa., 2012-06-01) Oluwatoyin Olatundun Ilesanmi and Friday Asiazobor Eboiyehi
Abstract There has been a great deal of research on sexual violence in Nigeria, but very few have examined its effects on people who are indirectly exposed. Using a case study approach, this quantitative and descriptive analysis explored the incidence and consequences of sexual violence, particularly rape, occurring among Nigerian university students‘ acquaintance. It discusses the concept of vicarious trauma as a form of post-traumatic stress response sometimes experienced by those who are indirectly exposed to traumatic events. It summarizes recent research literature related to this construct and offers suggestions on how to limit or prevent vicarious trauma. It also presents self-care strategies as well as training and organizational considerations that may be beneficial for individuals and organizations to address. Implications for practice and further research are also discussed.
Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) and Stem Cell Therapy (SCT): Implications for Psychotherapy and Genetic Counseling in Africa.
(IntechOpen Limited, The Shard, 25th floor, 32 London Bridge Street, London, SE19SG - UNITED KINGDOM2013, 2013-02-13) Ilesanmi, Oluwatoyin Olatundun
Sickle Cell Disorder (SCD) is an inherited disease of red blood cells which has no widely available cure (Bernaudin, Socie, Kuentz, et al., 2007). While current medical therapies can make a significant difference in short-term effects (i.e. to relieve pain symptoms, prevent infections and manage complications such as eye damage, and strokes; and control complications), the progressive deterioration in organ function results in increased mortality and decreased quality of life among affect persons in Nigeria. Presently, blood and bone marrow stem cell transplant appear to be the only viable option for its eliminating. This option is hugely expensive and unaffordable for the vast majority of the affected Nigerian families since most of them could barely provide for the general routine medication therapies of the patient. Little attention is being given to the management of this disorder in Nigeria as compared to diseases such as malaria and polio myelitis. Institutional research attention and international funding support towards the search for ways to predict the severity of and for curative therapies of this disorder are also limited in Africa.
What is Cross-cultural Research?
(Canadian Center of Science and Education. 1120 Finch Avenue West, Suite 701-309, Toronto, ON., M3J 3H7, Canada., 2009-12) Ilesanmi, Oluwatoyin Olatundun
Abstract This paper discusses the major principles and methods of cross-cultural research, particularly how to test hypotheses on worldwide samples of cultures. The major purpose of this presentation is to encourage an increase in cross-cultural research by showing that it is not hard to do.

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