Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences

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BARRIERS TO INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL PRACTICE AGAINST COVID-19: A SURVEY OF HEALTHCARE WORKERS IN NIGERIA
(Journal of Biomedical Investigation, 2023) Okafor Anita
Following the COVID-19 pandemic which was declared a public health emergency all over the world, healthcare workers in Nigeria are still faced with many types of barriers to infection prevention and control practices. The study assessed the barriers to compliance with Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) practices among Healthcare Workers (HCWs) in Nigeria during the early phase of COVID-19. Methodology A cross-sectional descriptive design using a non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to select seventy-eight (78) HCWs working in different healthcare facilities in Nigeria involving medical and allied health professionals such as nurses/midwives, physiotherapists, radiographers, pharmacists, orthotist, prosthetist, orthopaedic technologists, and public health professionals Analysis of the results was done using known standard methods and the results were statistically analyzed. Results The findings of the study revealed 78 HCWs participated in this study comprising 44(56.4%) medical doctors, 4(4.1%) Nurses, 17(21.8%) Physiotherapists, 5(6.4%) Laboratory scientists, and 8(10.4%) others. Thirty-nine (50.0%) of the participants found overcrowding/understaffing as one of the major barriers to IPC, 37(47.4%) indicated less commitment of HCWs to the IPC policies and 35(44.9%) indicated lack of water as the major barrier to IPC practice. Limitation of personal protective equipment such as face masks was seen as a barrier to compliance in 17(21.8%) of participants and the unavailability of alcohol-based hand rubs was seen as a barrier by 33(42.3%) of participants.
Bullying in the healthcare workplace: a cross-sectional study among Nigerian physiotherapists
(Springer Open, 2025) Okafor Anita
Workplace bullying (WPB) can impact the overall well-being of healthcare professionals as well as the care provided to patients. There are no available studies on the prevalence of WPB among physiotherapists, especially in Nigeria. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of WPB and its associated factors among clinical physiotherapists in Nigeria. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 372 Nigerian clinical physiotherapists conveniently recruited at various hospitals. Data was obtained using an adapted self-administered questionnaire and the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R). The prevalence of bullying was 42.1%, with participants reporting repeated experiences within the previous 6 months. A high proportion of participants (83.1%) witnessed someone else being bullied at their workplace. The majority of the bullying incidents involved superiors targeting subordinates (83.7%). Participants reported that the most prevalent forms of bullying were verbal aggression (64.4%), followed by intimidating acts (59.4%), insulting remarks, gossip (58.3%), mind games (29.8%), and neglect of opinions (37.6%). No significant associations were found with gender (p = 0.632), religion (p = 0.151), marital status (p = 0.085), ethnicity (p = 0.896), educational attainment (p = 0.150), or rank (p = 0.091). However, significant associations were identified between WPB and years of practice (p = 0.041), and organization of employment (p < 0.001). The observed prevalence of WPB among Nigerian clinical physiotherapists is of great concern.
Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Yoruba version of the clinical frailty scale
(Oxford University Press, 2025) Okafor Anita
ackground This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the socio-demographic, anthropometric, and patient characteristics of 94 Yoruba speakers aged 60 years and older, and to validate the Yoruba version of the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS). Methods This study used a cross-sectional design with a purposive sampling technique and a sample size of 94 participants. This study also made use of the World Health Organisation methodologic guidelines on cultural adaptation of clinical scales. Convergent validity was assessed by evaluating the context that the Clinical frailty scale (CFS) relates to the Edmonton frailty scale, using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. The known group validity was assessed using one-way ANOVA. Results The mean age of participants was 70.81 ± 8.11 years, with a mean BMI of 27.04 ± 5.61. The cohort included 38 males (44.4%) and 56 females (59.6%). Educational attainment varied, with 20.2% having no education and 9.6% holding postgraduate degrees. The validated CFS has excellent content validity (S-CVI/AVE = 0.96; S-CVI-UA = 0.78). Convergent validity demonstrated a moderate correlation between the CFS and the Edmonton Frail Scale (Spearman’s rho = 0.61, p < 0.01). Known-group validity indicated significant associations between frailty, age (p = 0.02), and BMI (p = 0.007). Conclusion The Yoruba version of the CFS is a valid tool for assessing frailty in elderly Yoruba-speaking populations.
IMPACT OF DEPRESSION, FATIGUE, AND ANXIETY ON SLEEP QUALITY AMONG STROKE SURVIVORS FROM SELECTED GOVERNMENT HOSPITALS IN OSOGBO, OSUN STATE
(JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL INVESTIGATION (JBI), 2024) Okafor Anita
Background Stroke is one of the most common diseases that leads to death and varying disabilities. Mood and fatigue levels affect the depth and length of sleep of stroke survivors, leading to sleep disorders which could lead to the recurrence of stroke. Understanding the impact of sleep quality will enhance patient management. Aim To determine the impact of depression, anxiety, and fatigue on the sleep quality of stroke survivors. Method A cross-sectional design and consecutive sampling technique was used to recruit 50 stroke survivors. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 was used to determine post-stroke depression, the Fatigue Severity Scale was used to determine post-stroke fatigue, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 was used to determine post-stroke anxiety, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to evaluate sleep quality. Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between these factors. Result Post-stroke depression, fatigue, anxiety, and poor sleep quality were observed in 27.4%, 80.4%, 29.4%, and 23.5% of the participants, respectively. A significant relationship was observed between depression, anxiety, and sleep quality. Conclusion Poor sleep quality may be a risk factor for depression and anxiety among stroke survivors.
Knowledge Attitude and Practice of Primary Health Care among Nigerian Physiotherapists
(Primary Health Care: Open Access, 2021) Okafor Anita
Purpose: Given the growing interest in the integration of physiotherapy into the National Primary Health Care (PHC) program in Nigeria, it is important to understand perception of physiotherapists in terms of knowledge, attitude and practice of their role in PHC. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of among Nigerian Physiotherapists Materials and Method: Sixty-one physiotherapists from Kano Metropolis were involved in this study. Questionnaire on Knowledge Attitude and Practice (KAP) on Primary Health Care (PHC) was used to collect information on Knowledge Attitude and Practice of PHC of the participants. Results: The mean percentage scores for knowledge and attitude of PHC was 76.44% and 76.06% respectively. Out of all the participants, only 15 (24%) reported that they were involved in the practice PHC. Level of qualification have no significant association with either knowledge of PHC (χ2 = 11.52 and P = 0.401) or attitudes toward PHC (χ2 = 33.887 and P = 0.170). Years of practice have no significant association with either knowledge of PHC (χ2 =42.42 and P= 0.12) or attitude towards PHC (χ2 = 720.11 and P = 0.74). Conclusion: Physiotherapists have good knowledge and attitude towards of PHC. However very few physiotherapists are involved in the practice of PHC.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation among Clinical Undergraduate Students in Selected Medical Colleges in Southern Nigerian Universities
(Journal of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences (JBAMS), 2023-12) Okafor Anita
Background/Objectives: Basic life support skills are important in emergency health care services. The knowledge as well as level of practice of resuscitation procedures and techniques among clinical undergraduate students in Nigeria appears to be inadequate. This study assessed the knowledge, attitude and practice of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and its relationship with socio-demographic characteristics of clinical undergraduate students in selected medical colleges in Southern Nigerian universities. Materials and Methods: Using a cross sectional approach, 432 respondents were recruited across three medical colleges in Southern Nigerian Universities. A validated questionnaire was used to collect data on knowledge, attitude and practice of CPR both virtually using Google forms and physically. Data obtained was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Level of significance was set at p=0.05. Results and Conclusion: The results of this study showed that majority (n=416, 96.3%) of the participants had good knowledge of CPR, 304 (70.4%) had positive attitude towards CPR; however, 372 (86.1%) had not previously practiced CPR. There were no significant relationships among sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge and attitude of CPR (p>0.05). However, there were significant relationships between practice of CPR and course of study (χ2=18.885, p=0.0001), gender (χ2=7.548, p=0.006), and level of study (χ2=22.985, p=0.0001). The knowledge of clinical students about CPR across all universities was good and the participants had an overall positive attitude towards cardiopulmonary resuscitation. However, the level of practice was low amongst all participants. There is a need to have regular CPR training and assessment since prior CPR exposure results in knowledge retention.
Knowledge, attitude and utilisation of evidence-based therapeutic exercises in knee osteoarthritis management in Nigeria
(AJOL, 2024-03) Okafor Anita
Background: In Nigeria, there is a disparity among physiotherapists regarding therapeutic exercise as a core treatment for patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). The attitudes and beliefs of physiotherapists could influence this. Objective: To investigate Nigerian physiotherapists’ knowledge, attitude, and utilization of evidence-based therapeutic exercises Design: A mixed-method of cross-sectional survey and focus group discussion. Setting: Secondary and tertiary health institutions in Nigeria Participants: Physiotherapists consecutively sampled from the selected institutions. Main outcome measures: Participants’ knowledge, attitude and utilization of evidence-based therapeutic exercises for the management of knee OA Results: This study revealed that 81% of physiotherapists in Nigeria had a fair knowledge of evidence-based practice and the efficacy of therapeutic exercises in managing knee OA. Despite this fair knowledge, 95.3% had a poor attitude. The important emerging categories/themes are treatment preference, clinical experience, and strength of evidence. Conclusion: Physiotherapists in Nigeria have a fair knowledge of evidence-based therapeutic exercises in managing patients with knee OA, although there is a poor attitude and disparity between the use and current recommendations.
Low Back Pain At Work: Knowledge and Attitude of Sectional Heads at the University College Hospital, Ibadan
(African Journals of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, 2010-06) Okafor Anita
The purpose of this study was to find out the knowledge and attitude of sectional heads towards managing low back pain (LBP) at work at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. It was also aimed at identifying the difficulties encountered and the organizational needs required in the management of LBP at work. Twenty-nine sectional(16 male and 13 female) heads at the University Teaching Hospital participated in this cross-sectional survey. The participants completed a self-administered questionnaire, adapted from the Management of LBP in the Workplace Questionnaire. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation, frequency, percentages and inferential statistics of Chi square. Level of significance was set at 0.05. Twenty-six (89.7%) of the participants reported no difficulty in managing staff members with low back pain. Seventeen (58.6%) participants had poor knowledge, while 37.9% had fair to good knowledge of managing LBP at work. Twenty-two participants had a positive attitude towards managing staff members with low back pain. There was no significant association (p=0.307) between respondents’ knowledge and attitude towards managing workers with LBP. Organizing workshops for workers was the most frequently reported organizational support required for the management of LBP. Sectional heads at the University College Hospital, Ibadan have poor knowledge but a positive attitude towards managing workers with LBP.
PERCEIVED WORK-RELATED STRESS AND COPING STRATEGIES AMONG CLINICAL NURSES IN UNIVERSITY OF OSUN STATE TEACHING HOSPITAL
(African Journal of Health, Nursing and Midwifery, 2024) Okafor Anita
Aim: To examine primary stressors, coping strategies, and techniques used by nurses working in the Uniosun Teaching Hospital in Osogbo, Osun State. Methods: Cross-sectional survey. Place and Duration of Study: The University of Osun Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, South-western, Nigeria between November 2022 and January 2023. Methodology: A self-structured questionnaire with contents derived from the Nursing Stress Scale (NSS) was used as the instrument. One hundred and eighty-seven (187) (21 males, 166 females; age ranged 18-60 years) qualified registered nurses were included in this study. Results: Majority of the respondents were 21-30 years old (44.9%), while more than a quarter (26.7%) had worked between 21 and 30 years. Workload was the main cause of stress among the overwhelming majority of respondents, with a response rate of 72.2% and a mean score of 17.35 while 88.8% reported relaxation as their coping mechanism. There was a significant difference between cause of stress and frequency of P = 0.000* while we found no significant difference between the causes of stress and the coping strategies adopted with P = 0.587. Conclusion: The study concludes that nurses' workload due to inadequate staffing is the primary cause of stress, and it recommends recruiting more nurses into the clinical field to help reduce this burden.
Social support, social participation, and life accomplishment of older adult residents of assisted living facilities and their adjoining communities
(SAGE, 2023) Okafor Anita
To assess and compare levels of social support (SS), social participation (SP) and life accomplishment (LA) among older adults in some assisted-living facilities (ALFs) and their community-dwelling (CD) peers. Methods One hundred twenty older adults (54 ALF, 66 CD) from a Nigerian population participated in this cross-sectional survey. The Multidimensional Scale for Perceived Social Support, the Participation Scale and the Life Habit Questionnaires were used to evaluate levels of SS, SP, and LA, respectively. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman rank order correlation, at .05 alpha level. Results Participation restriction (PR) was significantly more prevalent among the ALF group compared to the CD group (χ2 = 12.74; p = .01) but the two groups enjoyed comparable level of SS. LA was significantly better for the CD group in the overall score.
The effect of treadmill walk with abdominal bracing versus usual care on functional limitation and fear-avoidance behaviours in the management of non-specific low back pain—a randomized control trial
(Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022) Okafor Anita
The use of a combined abdominal bracing technique concurrently with treadmill walking exercise seems not to have been widely investigated, The use of either abdominal bracing and treadmill walk as a single individual method of treatment has proven to be of immense benefit in athletic training and amelioration of pain and functional limitation among different age groups suffering from chronic low back pain. Thus, the need to investigate whether the combination of abdominal bracing and treadmill walking would produce greater benefits than when the exercises are carried out in isolation in the management of chronic low back pain patients. Study design The study was a randomized control. Participants Thirty-three participants who met the inclusion criteria with age from 18 to 65 participated in the study. Aim This study aimed to compare the effects of treadmill walk with and without abdominal bracing …

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