Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences

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Textile Effluent Biodegradation Potentials of Textile Effluent-Adapted and Non-Adapted Bacteria
(Academic Journals, 2006-06) Olukanni, Olumide
Environmental pollution has been recognized as one of the major problems of the modern world. The increasing demand for water and the dwindling supply has made the treatment and reuse of industrial effluents an attractive option. Textile effluents are of concern because they colour the drains and ultimately the water bodies. They also diminish the water quality. The ability of microorganisms to degrade and metabolize a wide variety of compounds has been recognized and exploited in various biotreatment processes. This study investigated the potential of bacteria isolated from textile industries wastewater and drains (textile effluent adapted bacteria) and isolates from a municipal landfill (effluent non-adapted bacteria). We discovered effluent adapted strains of Acinetobacter, Bacillus and Legionella with potentials for colour removal and strains of Acinetobacter, Bacillus and Pseudomonas with chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal activities. Only strains of Bacillus with potential for use in colour and COD removal were isolated from the landfill. Plasmid screening did not reveal the presence of plasmids in the isolates. Thus the involvement of extra-chromosomal genes is not suggested. In conclusion, as a preliminary step in the development of textile effluent biotreatment using indigenous microbes, we have discovered some strains with potency to decolourize and/or remove COD.
Fruits and Vegetables Moderate Lipid Cardiovascular Risk Factor in Hypertensive Patients
(BioMed Central, 2006-12) Salau, Bamidele
Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor in etiology of cardiovascular disease. Previous studies have shown association between vegetarian diet and low total serum cholesterol as well as LDL-cholesterol which is a pointer to low risk of cardiovascular disease. Dietary fiber, antioxidants and other classes of nutrients have been reported to ameliorate cardiovascular risk factors. Fruits and vegetables being rich sources of fiber and antioxidants have been the focus in intervention studies. The current work reports the effect local fruits and vegetables on cardiovascular risk factors in African hypertensive subjects in an 8 week study. Though there was no significant difference in the Body Mass Index and HDL-cholesterol at the end of the eighth week, there were significant reductions (P < 0.05) in serum triglycerides (125.87 ± 6.0 to108.27 ± 5.49 mgdL-1); total serum cholesterol (226.60 ± 6.15 to 179.20 ± 5.78) and LDL-cholesterol (135.69 ± 5.56 to 93.07 ± 7.18 mgdL-1). We concluded that consumption of combination of local fruits and vegetables may reduce the incidence of cardiovascular risk factors in Africans.
Protective Effect of Selenium on Protein-Undernutrition-Induced Brain Damage in Rats
(Springer, 2007) Adebayo, Olusegun
The effect of ad libitum ingestion of selenium (Se) in drinking water (0.15 mg SeO2/L) for 3 wk on the brain weight, total brain protein, glutathione (GSH) level, catalase activity, and lipid peroxidation in the brain of protein-undernourished (PU) rats was investigated, in an attempt to determine whether antioxidants alone can reverse some of the neuropathological changes associated with protein undernutrition in rats. Feeding on a normal diet (16% casein) by well-fed rats or a low-protein diet (5% casein) by PU rats and Se-treated PU rats lasted 14 wk. Setreated PU rats were given Se in drinking water during the last 3 wk of the experiment. Results show that protein undernutrition induced significant reductions (p < 0.001) in brain weight, total brain protein, and catalase activity (p < 0.05) while it induced a significant increase (p < 0.05) in lipid peroxidation when compared with well-nourished rats; but no significant effect was observed for the GSH level. However, the ingestion of Se in drinking water by PU rats for 3 wk resulted in significant increases (p < 0.05) in brain weight, catalase activity, and total brain protein but induced a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in lipid peroxidation when compared with PU rats given water. The values obtained for Setreated PU rats are comparable with those obtained for well-nourished rats. The GSH level was, however, not affected by Se ingestion. We suggest that Se, by inducing increases in the concentration of certain proteins, including catalase, in the brain, abolished some of the pathological changes associated with protein undernutrition in the brain, and appears as a promising antioxidant in the prevention and management of pro-oxidant-induced brain damage.
Thermodynamic and Isothermal Studies of the Biosorption of Cadmium (II) from Solution by Maize Wrapper
(International Journal of Physical Sciences,, 2008-03) Olukanni, Olumide
The removal of Cd (II) from dilute aqueous solution using maize (Zea mays) wrapper as a biosorbent was studied. The biosorption was pH-dependent with an optimum pH of 5 - 7. It was also time-dependent and maximum biosorption was obtained after 100 minutes. The adsorption isotherms obtained fitted well into the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. The Freundlich equation obtained was log = 1.0813 logCe + 0.958 while the Langmuir equation obtained was 1/ = 0.1535/Ce – 0.013. The correlation factors were 0.99 and 0.99, while the standard deviation values were 0.051and 0.003 respectively. The free energy change obtained for the biosorption at 300 K, initial Cd (II) concentration of 100mg L-1 was –7.11kJmol-1. These results indicate that maize wrapper has the potential for the uptake of Cd (II) from industrial effluents.
The Response of Liver Lipid Peroxidative and Antioxidant Defense Systems of Protein Undernourished Rats to Liver Regeneration
(Springer, 2008-03-06) Adebayo, Olusegun
The response of liver lipid peroxidative and antioxidant defense system of protein undernourished rats to liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy was examined in rats. Animals were divided into four groups; A,B,C and D of four animals each. Animals in group A were maintained on 16% casein diet while those in groups B, C and D were placed on low-protein diet (5% casein) for fourteen weeks and fed ad libitum. 72 hours before sacrifice, partial hepatectomy was carried out on animals in group D while animals in group C were sham-operated. The results show that protein undernutrition induced an increase in lipid peroxidation but reduced catalase activity, glutathione level and superoxide dismutase activity when compared with well-nourished rats. Liver regeneration however, resulted in significant increases in lipid peroxidation and catalase activity but significant reductions in glutathione level and superoxide dismutase activity in protein undernutrition rats when compared with their sham-operated counterparts. These results suggest that liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy exacerbates lipid peroxidation in protein undernutrition rats and that Catalase plays a major role in the mopping up of reactive oxygen species generated following liver regeneration in partially hepatectomised protein undernutrition rats.
Antioxidant Defense of zinc acetate Supplementation on the Brain of Protein–undernourished Rats
(International Formulae Group, 2009) Adebayo, Olusegun
The effect of zinc on brain weight, glutathione (GSH) level, catalase activity and lipid peroxidation in the brain of protein-undernourished (PU) rats was investigated following the ad libitum ingestion of zinc acetate (30 mg/L) in drinking water for two weeks. Results show that protein-undernutrition induced significant reductions (P<0.01) in brain weight and catalase activity while it induced a significant increase (P<0.05) in lipid peroxidation when compared with well-nourished rats; but no significant effect was observed on GSH level. The ingestion of zinc acetate, however, by PU rats had no significant effect on brain weight but induced significant increase in catalase activity. There were also reductions (P<0.05) in lipid peroxidation and GSH level. These results show that zinc acts as an antioxidant but is ineffective in ameliorating some of the biochemical changes associated with protein-undernutrition-induced brain damage particularly reduction in brain weight.
Comparison of the Effects of Low Protein Diet Versus Chemical Neurotoxins on Brain weight, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant Status of Rats
(Knowledgia Review, 2009) Adebayo, Olusegun
Decolorization of Azo Dyes by a Strain of Micrococcus Isolated from a Refuse Dump Soil.
(Biotechnology, 2009) Olukanni, Olumide
Bacterial degradation is a viable treatment option for azo dyes containing wastewater. However, a great drawback is the generation of potentially toxic and mutagenic end products (aromatic amines) by anaerobic bacteria. This study is part of efforts to develop textile effluent bio-treatment processes to produce reusable water by decolourization and degradation of azo dyes to non-toxic metabolites. The ability of fourteen bacterial strains isolated from various environmental sources to decolourize textile wastewaters aerobically using a simulated effluent made with three textile reactive azo dyes; Reactive Yellow 42 (RY 42), Reactive Blue 13 (RB 13) and Reactive Red 58 (RR 58) were investigated. Three strains showed >95% decolourization of the synthetic effluent within 24 h. The effect of culture condition (pH, temperature and media) on the degradation of methyl red, a standard azo dye, by the isolate with the highest decolourization level; identified as Micrococcus sp., was also studied. The strain showed optimum decolourization at pH and temperature around 7 and 37°C, respectively. It preferred nutrient broth to minimal media and 0.02 g dry mass decolourized 50 mL, 56 mg L-1 solution of methyl red within 6 h under adequate oxygen supply. UV-visible spectra analyses of aniline sulphate (an aromatic amine) and those of the metabolic products of methyl red suggest that methyl red was first converted to aromatic amine(s) which was subsequently mineralized by the bacterium. The high azo dyes' decolourization ability of the Micrococcus strain suggested that aerobic decolourization of azo dyes could be as effective as the anaerobic counterpart if suitable organisms are employed.
Chemopreventive and Remediation Effect of Hydrocotyl bonariensis Comm. Ex Lam (Apiaceae) Leave Extract in Galactose-induced Cataract
(Elsevier, 2009-05-04) Salau, Bamidele
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Hydrocotyl bonariensis Comm. Ex Lam (Apiaceae) is being widely used in Western Nigeria in treating various symptoms of ophthalmic diseases; however scientific data in support of this medicinal use have not been reported. Aim of the study: This study, investigated the efficacy of Hydrocotyl bonariensis leave extract in offering protection against experimental cataract and also examined its remediation effect when administered after cataract onset. Materials and methods: Weanling albino rats fed with 30% galactose diet were used in the study. Mechanisms of action of the extract were investigated by measuring the degree of lens peroxidation, lens antioxidant status and lens protein concentration. Severity of cataract was determined by measuring the cataract index. Results: The extract at 500 mg kg−1 reduced cataract index significantly and also reduced cataract progression when administered after cataract onset. Administration of this dosage also significantly reduced the degree of lens peroxidation, increased the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) and the lens catalase and superoxide dismutase activity. The extract also prevents protein insolubilization. Administration of the extract at 1000 mg kg−1 reduced cataract index and lens peroxidation but did not increase the antioxidant status significantly. Administration of the extract after cataract onset reduced cataract index, moderately increased percentage soluble protein above the value prior to the arrest of hypergalactosemia but did not increase the antioxidant status. Conclusion: Our study suggests that Hydrocotyl bonariensis protects against galactose-induced cataract, and that administration of the extract after cataract onset reduced cataract progression but did not reverse cataractogenesis.
Diverse Applications of Biotechnology
(Academic Journals, 2010) Avwioroko, Oghenetega
The exciting discipline of biotechnology has drawn the interests of traditional biologists, biochemists, microbiologists, medical and agricultural scientists into applying mathematical and engineering models to understanding biology. Also, the biopharmaceutical, biochemical and agricultural industries are rapidly drawing from and applying the research results of biotechnology. Still, new industries relying on genomics are springing up daily to challenge the way things have been done.
Decolorization and Biodegradation of Reactive Blue 13 by Proteus mirabilis LAG
(Elsevier B.V., 2010) Olukanni, Olumide
The decolorization and biodegradation of Reactive Blue 13 (RB13), a sulphonated reactive azo dye, was achieved under static anoxic condition with a bacterial strain identified as Proteus mirabilis LAG, which was isolated from a municipal dump site soil near Lagos, Nigeria. This strain decolorized RB13 (100 mg/l) within 5 h. The formation of aromatic amine prior to mineralization was supported by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), which revealed the disappearance of certain peaks, particularly those of the aromatic C–H bending at 600–800cm−1. Gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometry (GCMS) analysis of the dye metabolite showed the presence of sodium-2(2-formyl-2-hydroxyvinyl) benzoate, with a tropylium cation as its base peak. This suggested the breakage of naphthalene rings in RB13. The detection of azoreductase and laccase activities suggested the enzymatic reduction of azo bonds prior to mineralization. In addition, phytotoxicity studies indicated the detoxification of RB13 to non-toxic degradation products by this strain of P. mirabilis LAG.
Methanolic Extract of Musa Sapientum Sucker Moderates Fasting Blood Glucose and Body Weight of Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats.
(Society of Applied Sciences, 2010) Salau, Bamidele
Effect of methanolic extract of Musa sapientum Linn. Sucker on fasting blood glucose, body weight and pancreas histology of alloxan induced hyperglyceamic rats was evaluated and compared with that of reference drug, glibenclamide. The fasting blood glucose was measured using one touch life scan glucometer; body weight was monitored with digital scale balance, while histology of pancreas was investigated after staining with heamatoxylin-eosin dye. The extract at all tested doses (5 mg and 10 mg kg-1/day) significantly (p<0.05) lowered fasting blood glucose level in the treated rats compared with the diabetic but untreated rats (test control). At 10 mg kg-1 administration of the extract, a significant increase in body weight was observed compared with the diabetic untreated group. The pancreas histology indicates significant recovery with the extract administration. The efficacy of the extract in reducing blood glucose level, improving body weight and rejuvenating the damaged pancreas of alloxan induced diabetic rats favourably compared with that of reference drug, glibenclamide.
Nasofacial Anthropometry of Adult Bini Tribe In Nigeria
(2011) Omotoso, Dayo
Variation is a common phenomenon in the physiognomy of humans. Therefore, physical anthropometry provides the techniques to assess human body dimensions and to describe morphological variations that exist among different human population. This study was conducted to describe the physical morphometric characteristics of face and nose of the Bini tribe in Nigeria. It involved 450 Bini subjects (230 males and 220 females) aged between 16 to 35 years. The results showed sexual dimorphism in all the dimensions of face and nose studied with the males having higher mean values than the females. The mean facial and nasal indices was 86.93 and 97.32 respectively. This implied the prevalence of mesoproscopic face type and platyrrhine nose type among the Bini tribe in Nigeria. This study showed age and gender as important factors in the description of human physiognomy.
Toxicological Implications of Continuous Administration of aqueous Leaves Extract of Hydrocotyl bonariensis in Rats
(Scholars research library, 2011) Adebayo, Olusegun
Recent evidences suggest that Hydrocotyl bonariensis posses active phytochemicals that could serve as base for phytomediceine and develop as anticataract agent. For effective exploration of this medicinal value therefore, short and long term administration effect of the extract was carried out in rat. LD50, an index of acute toxicity was determined in rat after oral administration of a single dose of the extract while hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity effect was carried out after chronic exposure of rat to the aqueous extract. For the chronic toxicity study, thirty Sprague Dawley rats divided into 6 groups were orally administered with 50, 100, 200, 250 and 500mgKg-1 dose of the extract continuously for 90 days. The LD50 was determined to be greater than 5000mgKg-1. No significant variation was observed in the serum alanine amino transferase and alkaline phosphatase activities. A significant increase was however observed in the serum alkaline phosphatase activities at doses ≥ 250mgKg-1. No significant alteration was alp observed in the serum total protein, albumin, creatinine and urea level. Similarly, the serum K+, Na+ and Hco3 were not also observed to vary significantly between the treated and the control groups. Data from this study suggest that short and long term administration of the extract may not potentiate liver and kidney toxicity.
Antimicrobial Activity of Ficus Leaf Extracts on some Fungal and Bacterial Pathogens of Discorea rotundata from Southwest Nigeria
(Journal of Biological Sciences,, 2011) Olukanni, Olumide
Bio-control methods have become a common practice in horticulture and crop husbandry due to the attendant negative impact of fungicides and other chemical agents on soil, vegetation and environment. Most fungicides accumulate in plant tissues and subsequently trigger carcinogenic effects in animals and humans. The leaf extracts of Ficus thonningii, F. saussureana, F. exasperata and F. sur were screened for antimicrobial properties on eight (8) fungal species which included Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Botryodiploidia theobromae, Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, Penicillium chrysogenum, P. oxalicum and Rhizopus stolonifer and two (2) bacterial species viz; Pseudomonas spp. and Klebsiella spp. which were isolated from the rot portions of tubers of Dioscorea rotundata. The extracts from the Ficus species had low antimicrobial effect at 25 and 50 mg mL-1 concentrations while a significant arrest of mycelia growth was observed at 75 and 100 mg mL-1 concentrations. The presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides in the leaves of these species may have conferred the antimicrobial properties on these species. Application of the fungal pathogens isolated on healthy tubers and the subsequent development of rots confirmed these organisms as the natural pathogens of this crop. The extracts from all the four Ficus species exerted significant antimicrobial effect on all the test organisms at 75 and 100 mg mL-1 concentrations and its application at these concentrations would help to minimise infection and spoilage during and after storage and improve farmers’ revenue.
Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Status of the Cerebrum, Cerebellum and Brain Stem Following Dietary Monosodium Glutamate Administration in Mice
(Science Alert, 2011-07-28) Adebayo, Olusegun
The effect of the ingestion of large amounts of MSG administered with diets on different brain regions was investigated. Animals were divided into two groups of six mice each. The control group was fed with water and diet only while the experimental group was placed on water and a diet containing 30% (w/w) MSG for 14 weeks. Internationally acceptable procedures were used for all the parameters analyzed in this study. Following MSG administration, there were increases (p<0.01) in the total brain weight as well as the brain weight to body weight ratio with a reduction (p<0.01) in body weight. The weights of both the cerebrum and the cerebellum were increased (p<0.05). Lipid Peroxidation (LP) was increased (p<0.05) in the cerebrum, reduced in the brain stem and remained unchanged in the cerebellum. Catalase (CAT) activity in both the brain stem and the cerebrum was increased (p<0.05) but the cerebellum was unaffected. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity and Glutathione (GSH) level were reduced (p<0.05) in the cerebellum but the antioxidants were not affected in the cerebrum and the brain stem. The results of the present study suggest that the ingestion of large amounts of MSG with diet causes an increase in the weight of cerebrum with simultaneous increase in LP and reduction in CAT activity.
Neuroprotective Properties of NMDA R1 Antagonist (Ketamine) in Cyanide Treated Neuronsin vitro
(SDI, 2012) Omotoso, Dayo
Aims:This study aims at investigating possible means of reducing cyanide toxicity by blocking NMDA R1 via ketamine (an NMDA R1 antagonist). This is to provide a template for quick arrest of cyanide toxicity in neurons under oxygen deprived condition. Place and Duration of Study:Bingham University, Department of Anatomy, Karu, Nigeria. The duration of the study was100 minutes. Methodology:Freshly harvested cortical tissue blocks were perfused in accessory cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) containing all the necessary salts and glucose. The cultures were treated with ACSF (Control), ACSF+KCN (potassium cyanide), ACSF+KCN+Ketamine and ACSF+Ketamine for a total duration of 100 minutes at 37ºC. Results:The Ketamine hada protective and reversal effects on the tissues both for oxygen deprivation and cyanide toxicity, The cells in tissues treated with ACSF+KCN+Ketamine showed normal appearance of cell body and axonal projections, the cells treated with ACSF+Ketamine showed fewer degenerating cells compared to those treated with cyanide. Conclusion:Ketamine, an NMDA R1 antagonist is neuroprotective against the toxicity of cyanide.
Nasofacial Indices among Children in Southern Nigeria
(2012) Omotoso, Dayo
The facial and nasal indices are among the most important cephalometric parameters useful in inter- racial and intra- racial morphological classification and categorization. They are useful in the description of the facial and nasal morphological characteristics of human population in different geographical location. This study was carried out to describe the naso- facial morphology of children in the Southern part of Nigeria. Four hundred and eighty children aged 5 to 15 years were randomly selected to represent the larger population. The mean facial index for the male and female children was 87.15 ± 1.70 and 86.25 ± 1.70 respectively. The mean nasal index for the male and female children was 93.45 ± 1.66 and 89.62 ± 1.58 respectively. The nasal index value showed significant sexual variation with the male subjects having higher values than female subjects but the facial index values was not significantly different across gender. This study showed the prevalence of the mesoproscopic face type and the platyrrhine nose type among the children of Southern Nigeria
Oxidative Damage on the Testes of Adult Rats by sodium metabisulfite
(International Formulae Group, 2012) Adebayo, Olusegun
The effect of sodium metabisulfite (MBS, Na2S2O5) on the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), testes weight and the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) as well as the level of glutathione (GSH) were investigated in the testes of Wistar albino rats. The study was performed to elucidate the effect of MBS (520 mg/kg/day) ingestion on lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant enzymes activities. The results showed that MDA level as well as the activity of SOD was significantly increased in MBS-treated rats whereas the weight of the testes as well as the level of GSH was not significantly affected. However, there was significant reduction in the activity of CAT in the MBS-treated rats compared to the control. The presented data showed that ingestion of MBS has adverse effect on testes as it induced oxidative damage, reflected by increase lipid peroxidation and impairment in the activities of antioxidant enzymes.
Sucrose Diets Elevate Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Male Albino Rats
(Science Alert, 2012) Adebayo, Olusegun
Effects of various concentrations of sucrose diet were assessed on thirty weaning male albino rats divided randomly into five equal groups as follows: G1 (baseline group); G2 (control group given rat chow only); G3, G4 and G5 (groups with energy supply from sucrose at 10, 20 and 30%, respectively). The four groups were fed for twelve weeks and then fasted overnight. They were then anaesthetized with diethyl ether and venous blood was collected using cardio puncture method. Plasma was collected by centrifugation and total plasma cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and serum Triglycerides were assayed using Randox enzymatic kit while VLDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, Atherogenic index and coronary risk indices were calculated. Sucrose diet increased energy density. It also increased significantly (p<0.05). Plasma total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, Triglycerides, Atherogenic and Coronary risk indices while it decreased HDL cholesterol. Present results indicated that sucrose diet at present level of consumption (about 25% energy supply) elevated cardiovascular risk factors in male albino rats and may predispose one to cardiovascular diseases.

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