Faculty of Social Sciences

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Aids-Orphanhood and Human Capital Development in Nigeria
(Department of Sociology and Social Work, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oradea., 2013-07) Dauda, Rasaki
This study employs the descriptive method of analysis and growth rate to determine the effect of high number of AIDS Orphans on human capital development in Nigeria. The available facts reviewed and the result of the analysis revealed that the growth rate of the number of orphans, occasioned by the pandemic, has continued to be positive since 1990 till date. AIDS Orphans as a percentage of children within the 0 and 14 has been on the increase, from 0.03%, in 1990, to 2.1%, in 2000, and has extended further to 3.78%, in 2009. Enrolment figures, as well as the rates of school dropouts among the orphans and vulnerable children, clearly indicate that the negative impact of increase in AIDS Orphans on human capital would be substantial if this trend remains unchecked. Therefore, it is imperative for governments at all levels to set better policy measures to support these orphans. Such measures could focus on free and compulsory education, shelter, clothing, medical services and food. Communities, which provide safety nets for the children should be empowered and encouraged with proper financial assistance. In addition, there’s a clear need for specific legislation against the growing trend of all forms of exploitations and child-abuse, particularly on girls
Brain Drain: The Bane of Human Capital Development and Utilization in West Africa
(2017-01) Dauda, Rasaki
West Africa, which comprises sixteen countries, appears to be the least developed in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA). Facts on indicators of development and human capital place the sub region among the lowest, even globally. For instance, fourteen of its countries are currently ranked among the low human development category while human capital development activities in the areas of education and health are at their lowest ebb. Literacy rate in the sub-region remains low while health outcomes such as infant mortality, maternal mortality, and under-five mortality are still high amidst low average life expectancy. The Unemployment rate has been high, an indication of low utilization of human capital. Besides, greater percentage of the few human capital developed in the sub-region have migrated to advanced countries in search of greener pastures. This however, is not unconnected with several factors, such as poor infrastructure, high rate of insecurity, which is further aggravated by terrorism, high rate of poverty, inadequate industries, hunger, high unemployment rate, bad governance, low pay to workers in the home countries, low living standard, uncertainty about the future, economic instability, in addition to economic and political environments that are not conducive among other pull factors in the destination countries, which encourage highly developed skill manpower and professionals to migrate to such economies. It is on this note that this chapter attempts to examine how brain drain affects human capital development and utilization with its consequences on the development of West Africa, using descriptive information together with the review of relevant literatures. The findings suggest that brain drain, although beneficial in some instances, has had a negative influence on human capital and level of development in West Africa. It is therefore necessary to address the factors pushing these skilled professionals and personnel out of the sub-region and provide those that encourage them to seek better anchorage in countries of destination
Children Affected by HIV/AIDS and Human Capital Development in West Africa: A Panel Data Analysis
(Advance in Social Sciences Research Journal, 2017) Dauda, Rasaki
This study investigates how the number of children infected with HIV/AIDS and AIDS induced orphans affect human capital development in West Africa. Two panel data models were estimated, using the Fixed Effects estimation technique supported by the Hausman specification test result. The findings overwhelmingly suggest that number of children living with HIV/AIDS and AIDS-induced orphans have negative and significant effects on human capital development in West Africa. Therefore, efforts should be geared towards hurting and reversing the spread of the disease as well as eradicating it in West Africa. Care should also be provided for the education, health, nutrition, shelter and psychological needs of the affected children.
Developing Human Resources for Cooperative Efficiency Towards Economic Transformation and Improved Standard of Living in Nigeria
(2013) Dauda, Rasaki
Diseases and Inclusive Growth in West Africa: The Case of HIV/AIDS
(Rhema University Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 2017) Dauda, Rasaki
Inclusive growth is a concept which advocates all-encompassing growth covering all sectors and benefiting every segment and individual in society. However, diseases are capable of undermining growth and development activities due to their negative influence on macroeconomic fundamentals. This study examined HIV/AIDS vis-à-vis its effects on the key elements required for the attainment of inclusive growth in West Africa. It argued that HIV/AIDS possesses the capability of depressing the key elements of inclusive growth (such as adequate employment opportunities, high productivity, human capability development, and provision of social safety nets) in West Africa. It is therefore essential to effectively curtail the spread of the disease in the sub-region while efforts should be geared towards the provision of adequate employment opportunities and social safety nets to assist the vulnerable and those suffering from deprivation as a result of the menace of HIV/AIDS. Moreover, there should be promotion of higher productivity and development of human capabilities in the sub-region through adequate investment in basic social services of education and health.
Diseases and Sustainable Development: The Cases of HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Tuberculosis in Nigeria
(2017) Dauda, Rasaki
The third goal of sustainable development is “good health and well-being.” Health and wellbeing are very critical for economic performance and attainment of sustainable development. A healthy population can enhance national productivity, savings, human and physical capital formation, per capita income growth, and contribute to poverty alleviation. The presence of diseases in any society however, could undermine sustainable development activities. This is because diseases possess the inclination to cut short life expectancy, reduce quantity and quality of the labour force, and lead to decline in the level of productivity. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS), malaria and tuberculosis (TB) are major endemic diseases in Nigeria. Available facts have shown that the three diseases are responsible for high rates of morbidity and mortality among the nation’s population than any other group of diseases in the country. This study examines the effects of HIV/AIDS, malaria and TB on sustainable development activities in Nigeria. It discovered that the menaces of the three diseases have aggravated morbidity and mortality rates, depressed investment in human and physical capital, lowered labour supply and productivity, changed demographic structure, reduced output growth, raised poverty level and increased number of vulnerable groups in the country, all of which could prevent sustainable development in the country. It is therefore recommended that efforts should be geared not only towards treating persons infected with the three diseases but their spread should be largely controlled to enable a healthy population capable of contributing to sustainability of development in the country.
Does Misery affect Economic Growth in Nigeria?
(Journal of Finance, Governance and Strategic Studies, 2024-04) Dauda, Rasaki
Nigeria’s economy continues to struggle with elevated misery index (MSI), occasioned by high rates of inflation and unemployment. This situation is capable of dragging both micro and macroeconomic outcomes in the country. This paper assessed the impact of economic misery on the growth of Nigeria’s economy within the period 1990-2022. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag modeling approach, anchored on the neoclassical growth theory was employed after the unit root test results confirmed integration of order zero and one. The Bounds cointegration test was conducted and the results established the existence of long run relationship among the variables. Findings of the study indicated that economic misery is a threat to the growth of the nation’s economy. This was evident in the negative and statistically significant coefficient of MSI. Other variables such as labour force and foreign direct investment raised economic growth significantly. The policy direction therefore, is that government’s efforts should be geared towards reduction in economic misery in Nigeria. For this to be possible, monetary and fiscal policies should be employed to address high rate of inflation while employment should be generated through provision of enabling environment. The motivation for the policy suggestion is the statistical significance of coefficients of the variables. In addition, inflation and unemployment are components of MSI equation, which Hanke referred to as the ‘bads’. Therefore, addressing these issues will help to reduce the index and control its negative influence on economic growth in the country.
Economic performance in Africa: dissecting the facts and issues in the top six economies
(West African Institute for Financial and Economic Management (WAIFEM), 2024) Dauda, Rasaki
Undoubtedly, Africa's economic performance, as represented by the top six economies reviewed in this chapter, is growing faster than envisaged. However, fundamental challenges face several of the continent's economies. The Chapter examines the economic performance of the top six economies in Africa. The countries are Nigeria (West African country), Algeria, Egypt and Morocco (North African countries), South Africa (Southern African country) and Kenya, which is in East Africa. The Chapter identifies some challenges facing these countries despite their recorded growth performance. Some of the challenges include rising debt profile, high rate of poverty, undiversified economy, low savings, low investment and corruption among others. It then recommends addressing the challenges to enable Africa to move from a low and lower-middle income continent to upper and high-upper-income.
Employment Intensity of Growth in Nigeria: Implication for Development
(Journal of Applied Economic Sciences, 2020) Dauda, Rasaki
Nigeria in the recent past recorded high growth performance, averaging 6.5% between 2000 and 2017. The growth feat placed her among the fastest growing economies globally and the largest in Africa. This growth achievement presupposed that the volume of economic activities in the nation was large and thus should have contributed positively to employment generation. However, the reverse appeared to be the case as the level of unemployment remained high and increasing; moving from 18.8% in 2017 to 23.1% 2018 while combined unemployment and underemployment rates rose from 40.0% in 2017 to 43.3% in 2018. This jobless growth situation shows the low labor absorptive capacity of the economy. This study therefore investigated the employment intensity of growth (EIG) in Nigeria between 1991 and 2018. It is based on the Okun’s law and employed quantitative technique of analysis, using elasticity procedure. Secondary data were adopted for the analysis and they were collected from the World Development Indicators and the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin. Five growth measures were used in addition to employment variable while the analysis was disaggregated into different periods and regimes. The findings revealed overwhelming negative EIG in the overall economy, which ranged between -0.001 and -1.64. During the military rule (1991-1998), EIG hovered between -0.002 and -0.15 while the civilian regime (1999-2018) had EIG ranged from -0.01 to -1.68. The implication of the findings is that growth has not engendered employment generation in Nigeria. One major reason for this is the dominance of the nation’s economy by oil, which employs an infinitesimal proportion of the labor force. Therefore, for growth to generate employment, it is important that the economy is diversified away from oil. In addition, entrepreneurship and skill development programmes should be encouraged while economic environment should be investor friendly to attract local and foreign investors.
Exploring the determinants of child mortality in Nigeria: insights from multiple econometric techniques
(Springer Nature, 2024-07) Dauda, Rasaki
Over the past several years, global infant and under-five mortality rates have decreased significantly, with advanced economies experiencing single-digit mortality rates. However, Nigeria continues to grapple with rising infant mortality rates, which remain the highest in sub-Saharan Africa. The present study offers new perspectives on the determinants of child mortality in a developing country, Nigeria, from 1980 to 2021. The study analyses the child mortality determinants by deploying different econometric strategies: autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL), fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS), and canonical cointegration regression (CCR) procedures. The empirical outcomes indicate that the increasing child mortality rate in Nigeria is driven by rising fertility rates among women. While improvements in educational attainment for females, immunization vaccines, nutrition, and economic growth are critical for reducing child mortality in Nigeria. The estimated outcomes of the ARDL technique were robust to the alternative estimation techniques employed in this study. This study offers important implications for policymakers in Nigeria regarding the design and formulation of sustainable universal health policies.
Formalising the Informal Sector: a Critical Policy for Nigeria’s Economic Stability
(Department of Economics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, 2024) Dauda, Rasaki
Global Laws and Economic Policies in Abatement of Oxyanion in Aqua Systems: Challenges and Future Perspectives
(2021-07) Dauda, Rasaki
Water security and sanitation are precursors for socio-economic development, survival of flora and fauna, food security and healthy ecosystems. However, when these are compromised, they tend to have an adverse effect on the health of the populace and the socio-economic development of the entire society. This chapter investigates global laws and economic policies aimed at the abatement of toxic oxyanions (e.g. nitrate, fluoride, perchlorate etc) in aqua systems. Using a non-doctrinal cum systematic analysis, the extent of legal and economic instruments in controlling, reducing and preventing toxic oxyanion pollutants in water was examined. Relevant international treaties and instruments were analysed including the Universal Declaration on Human Rights (UDHR) 1948, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 1966, the United Nations Convention on the Laws of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UNWC) 1997. Moreover, the use of different command and control (CAC) and economic instruments (EI) were also studied. The findings revealed that the provisions of the legal instruments are not strong and clear enough to compel states to adopt adequate measures for the prevention of toxic oxyanion pollutants in marine areas. In addition, even though the CAC and EI approaches have been adopted for pollution abatement across countries, the latter appear to have gained wider acceptance, due to some of the advantages it offers over and above the former approach. Nevertheless, the chapter recommends the combination of regulatory and economic approaches as the way forward in achieving the abatement of toxic oxyanion in aqua systems. One of the recommended regulatory approaches is the amendment of existing treaties and instruments to incorporate stronger obligations on states, which will feasibly achieve effective measures for the reduction and control of toxic oxyanion pollutants. The justification for the eco-legal approach to control toxic oxyanion pollutants is to yield the best optimal outcome because none of the instruments can operate in isolation, especially in a dynamic and complex society. Both, complement and reinforce each other.
Health and Sustainable Development: can Nigeria meet the 2030 target?
(University of Port Harcourt Business School, 2024-06) Dauda, Rasaki
At the expiration of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2015, the UN and all stakeholders were swift to develop seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with the year 2030 as target date. Since 2015, countries globally, have focused on policies and programmes required to achieve these goals before 2030. A critical examination of the progress recorded in achieving the goals showed evidently that some countries across developed and developing economies will no doubt meet the date. However, available facts suggest that Nigeria is lagging behind in several of the goals. The objective of this paper is to access Nigeria’s progress with respect to the attainment of goal 3 (good health and well-being) of the SDGs, using stylized facts and review of related literature. Findings of the study revealed that the state of health outcomes in Nigeria is not inspiring, given the slow progress in reducing infant, under-five and maternal mortality rates. Moreover, the degree of risk of major infectious diseases is still high while life expectancy is just a little above 50 years. These all reflect in the nation’s SDG 3 performance over the years. For instance, Nigeria’s SDG3 index, which rose from 27.6% in 2017 to 34.6% in 2018 dropped sharply to 28.04% in 2019 and further to 28.0% in 2020. By 2021 it increased marginally to 28.9% before surging to 31.5% in 2022, and thereafter to 36.2% in 2023. These suggested that Nigeria’s ability to achieve SDG3 by the target date may remain a mirage. Therefore, concrete and detailed policy initiatives should focus on improving health outcomes in the country. Specifically, budgetary allocation to the health sector should be raised substantially, health infrastructure and facility development should be accorded priority, attempt should be made to invest in activities that will improve health related SDGs while health personnel should be trained, retrained and retained in the country. In addition, more health sector research and development programmes should be encouraged, there should be strong commitment and political will on the part of the government towards implementation of health sector development policies and programmes, primary health centres across the country should be revamped, policies should encourage quality and timely data for effective planning, follow-up and review of SDG 3 implementation at national and sub- national levels while the remaining 16 SDGs should not be neglected because SDG 3 cannot be achieved in isolation of them since they are also related either directly or indirectly to health.
Health as a Component of Human Capital Formation: Does it Matter for the Growth of the Nigerian Economy?
(Canadian Social Science, 2011) Dauda, Rasaki
This paper tries to examine whether health as a component of human capital matters for the growth of the Nigerian economy. The study employs annual time series data from 1970 to 2009. The unit root test result indicates that all the variables except one were stationary at first difference, which also implies a I(1) while the result of the cointegration analysis reveals six cointegrating equations. Accordingly, the study employs the error correction mechanism which helps to determine the short run dynamics of the cointegrated variables towards their equilibrium. The results of the study show that health expenditure is positive and statistically significant but the coefficients of the second and third lags are negative and statistically significant. Infant mortality is significant and has negative coefficient. Life expectancy is positive and statistically significant at the first difference and difference of the second lag. The control variables such as gross fixed capital formation, education expenditure and labour force were all significant. The ECM variable is negative, less than one in absolute term and statistically significant with the coefficient of 40%, implying that the speed of adjustment or convergence to equilibrium is 40%. The model demonstrates a good fit. This is evident from the adjusted R2 of 97%, showing that the explanatory power of the model is strong with the independent variables explaining 97 percent of variation in gross domestic product. The Durbin-Watson statistic of 3.15 falls within the acceptable range of no autocorrelation. The main conclusion from the study is that health as a component of human capital formation matters for the growth of the Nigerian economy. The policy implication of the study is that the Nigerian government should in addition to increasing expenditure on health put in place mechanism to monitor how effectively such funds are utilized for the purposes for which they are meant. All efforts as a matter of fact should also be geared towards combating the menace of communicable diseases such as HIV/ AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis in order to improve the health status of the population, reduce infant mortality and improve life expectancy.
HIV/AIDS and Development Indicators in West and Central Africa: Stylized Facts
(IAUOE Social & Educational Journal, 2019) Dauda, Rasaki
West and Central Africa as a sub-region in Sub-Saharan Africa has 6.1 million HIV/AIDS infected persons, about 0.28 million AIDS-related deaths, 0.37 million new infections (the highest globally), around 2% prevalence among adults aged 15-49 years and approximately 0.55 million children aged 0-14 living with the virus. These figures are capable of undermining development indicators such as life expectancy, infant mortality rate, per capita income, nutrition, as well as education and health variables. This study examines the state of HIV/AIDS and development indicators in West and Central Africa, using stylized facts and literature review. The findings suggest that the burden of HIV/AIDS with respect to number of persons living with it, its prevalence, new infections and AIDS-related deaths appear relatively high in West and Central Africa while development indicators perform poorly. The study suggests that governments at all levels and other stakeholders in West and Central Africa should commit substantial resources to containing and hurting the spread of HIV/AIDS while treatment should cover all infected persons across the sub-region.
HIV/AIDS and Economic Growth: Evidence from West Africa
(2018-08) Dauda, Rasaki
Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in West Africa. Prevalence among the most productive age group in West and Central Africa stood at 1.5%, 3.4.0%, 2.5%, and 2.1% in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2015 respectively. This study examined the effect of HIV/AIDS on economic growth in West Africa with focus on 11 countries. The augmented Solow model, rooted in the neoclassical growth theory, was used, which was operationalized using dynamic panel data modeling approach. Incidence, prevalence, number of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), and AIDS-related deaths were used to measure HIV/AIDS. Estimations using system GMM returned statistically significant results while those of first difference and difference GMM were not. From the outcome of system GMM analysis, a percentage increase in incidence, prevalence, PLWHA, and AIDS deaths correspondingly reduced growth significantly through their effects on life expectancy by 0.15%, 0.02%, 0.004%, and 0.03%. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome deaths and PLWHA lowered economic growth through enrolment but not significantly. The import of the findings is that HIV/AIDS threatens growth through life expectancy in West Africa. Therefore, its spread in the subregion should be effectively contained while proper treatment should be provided for all infected persons.
Human Capital and Manufacturing Productivity in Nigeria
(Redeemer’s University Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 2014) Dauda, Rasaki
This study examined the impact of human capital on manufacturing productivity in Nigeria. It employed the time series data, covering the period 1981-2012. The time series properties of the variables were examined using the Phillips-Perron (PP) tests for unit roots and co-integration analysis. Thereafter, error correction estimation technique was applied to achieve the objective of the study. The findings were mixed. Health expenditure had positive and significant impact on manufacturing productivity while education expenditure affected manufacturing productivity negatively and significantly. A percentage rise in health and education expenditures led to approximately 0.02% increase and 0.01% decline in manufacturing productivity respectively,. The coefficient of error correction variable was rightly signed and statistically significant. The speed of convergence to equilibrium was 46%. The adjusted R-squared stood at 88% an indication of a strong explanatory power of the model. The policy implication of the study is that government should increase expenditure on health facilities while expenditure on education should be strictly monitored.
Human Capital Development and Utilization: The Panaceas for Industrial Development in Nigeria
(Ilorin Journal of Economic Policy, 2021) Dauda, Rasaki
Industrialization is considered central to advancement and prosperity of every nation. It has been one of the key explanations for the lofty progress attained by most advanced economies of the world. This however, was not accidental; rather it was due to conscious and deliberate policy enactment and implementation. This study examines the critical role of human capital formation and utilization in industrial development in Nigeria. It focuses on three fundamental human capital development processes (education, health and migration), based on human capital theory, using the methodology, which involves stylized facts, descriptive statistics and review of related literatures. The findings suggest that the performance of Nigeria in various indicators of human capital development and utilization falls short of what is required for industrial development. It is therefore imperative to enact precise human capital development and utilization policies, which should be vigorously pursued and implemented within specific time frame to enhance industrial development of the country.
Human Capital for Sustainable Development: Where Does Nigeria Stand?
(2019) Dauda, Rasaki
The third and fourth sustainable development goals (SDGs) deal directly with human resource issues, while about 90% of the remaining 15 goals are human resource related. The import of this is that the sustainability of development is people-centred. However, if people, who form the human resource stock of a nation, lack the requisite skills, they may be handicapped in their productive responsibilities towards the desired development. Available evidence suggests that Nigeria is yet to make much progress in the area of the SDGs. Currently, she ranks 145 out of 157 countries, having scored 48.6% in the SDG index. In the human-capital related SDGs — goal 3 (Good health and well-being) and goal 4 (Quality education) —the country recorded 27.6% and 42.0%, respectively. It is against this backdrop that the current study assessed the position of Nigeria vis-à-vis human capital for sustainable development. It reviews literature and facts relating to the human capital development process and concludes that Nigeria still lags behind with respect to the human capital required for sustainable development. Moreover, inadequate funding is one of the fundamental problems confronting human capital development activities in Nigeria. It is therefore recommended that appropriate policies should be put in place to develop human capital to accelerate sustainable development in Nigeria, possibly through greater funding of education, health care facilities and services, training, apprenticeship, migration policies, and special programmes to develop the managerial capabilities required to improve the capacity of people, to enable them contribute meaningfully to human development.
Impact of HIV/AIDS Epidemic on Human Capital Development in West Africa
(2018-01) Dauda, Rasaki
West Africa occupies the third position with respect to the burden of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) globally, after Southern and East Africa. About 5 million adults and children are infected with the disease in the subregion, while HIV prevalence in the general population hovers around 2% and 5%. This paper attempts to investigate the impact of HIV/AIDS epidemic on human capital development in 11 West African countries over the period 1990 to 2011. The study used a dynamic panel data modeling approach, using first difference, difference generalized methods of moment, and system generalized methods of moment estimating techniques. Four measures of HIV/AIDS and 2 human capital measures were used in the study. The findings revealed that HIV/AIDS pandemic had negative and significant impact on human capital in West Africa. However, the statistical significance was more pronounced on life expectancy (a measure of human capital), while the negative impact on school enrolment (another human capital measure) was not significant. It is therefore recommended that the spread of HIV/AIDS disease in West Africa should be effectively controlled, while the number of infected persons undergoing antiretroviral therapy in the subregion should be increased to a near 100% coverage

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