Distribution and toxicity of dihydroxybenzenes in drinking water sources in Nigeria
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Date
2024-01-02
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Royal Society of Chemistry
Abstract
hydroquinone (HQ) in drinking water sources from Africa. Groundwater (boreholes and hand-dug wells)
and surface water in three Southwestern States in Nigeria served as sampling sites. The concentrations
of CAT and HQ in groundwater and surface water were determined throughout a period of 12 months,
evaluating the effects of seasonal variation (rainy and dry seasons). Mean concentrations of CAT in water
samples were higher than those of HQ. In this study, CAT was more frequently detected, with its mean
concentration in groundwater samples higher in the rainy season (430 mg L−1) than in the dry season
(175 mg L−1). Multivariate analysis using the Principal Component Analysis Software suggests that in most
sample sites, CAT and HQ in water samples were from entirely different anthropogenic sources. The
most impacted population groups were the toddlers and infants. Similarly, maximum and median
concentrations of CAT in water samples pose serious risks to Daphnia at both acute and chronic levels.
The results from this study suggest the need for further control of these dihydroxybenzenes through
regular monitoring and removal from drinking water during treatment.