Microstructure, Process Optimization, and Strength Response Modelling of Green-Aluminium-6061 Composite as Automobile Material
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Date
2023-02-01
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Ceramics
Abstract
The use of ashes derived from various waste sources as supplements to synthesized ceramic reinforcement in metal matrices has been established. However, studies involving a combination
of particulates from three different sources are rare. In a bid to further knowledge in this aspect
of research and develop a green aluminium composite for automobile applications, the present
investigation studied the implication of adding palm kernel shell ash (PKA), rice husk ash (RHA),
and waste steel particles (STP) to the morphology and strength behaviour of Al-6061-T6 alloy. The
experimental design was undertaken via the Box–Behnken design (BBD) of the response surface
method. A 4% STPat a constant dose was mixed with PKA and RHA at varying proportions and
stirring temperatures according to the BBD. The experimental outcome revealed that the responses
were greatly influenced by microstructural evolution. From the surface plots, 2–4% RHA and PKA
enhanced tensile and flexural strengths, while 4–6% led to a decline in strength. Meanwhile, 2–6% of
the particles are favourable to the enhancement of tensile and compressive strengths and moduli.
Temperaturesbetween700and800 Cfavoredresponseimprovement,whereastemperaturesbetween
800 and 900 Cweredetrimental to responses. Developed regression models for the responses were
validated to be good representations of the experimental outcomes. The optimum mix was obtained
at 4.81% PKA,5.41%RHA,andastirringtemperatureof803 C.Thevalidationexperimentconducted
portrayed reliable responses with <5% deviation from the predicted values, thereby certifying the
models to be statistically fit for future predictions.
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Akinwande, A.A.; Adesina, O.S.; Adediran, A.A.; Balogun, O.A.; Mukuro, D.; Balogun, O.P.; Tee, K.F.; Kumar, M.S. Microstructure, Process Optimization, and Strength Response Modelling of Green-Aluminium-6061 Composite as Automobile Material. Ceramics 2023, 6, 386–415. https:// doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010023