Browsing by Author "Opeyemi K. Olayanju"

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    Derivation of the Rainfall Intensity, Duration and Frequency Equations for Makurdi, Nigeria
    (FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2022-12) Opeyemi K. Olayanju
    Information and adequate data on intensity–duration–frequency of rainfall are regularly required for a variation of hydrologic, environmental and hydraulic applications. This paper presents rainfall intensity-duration-frequency equations for Makurdi, Nigeria. Rainfall intensities from Makurdi were used to establish empirically derived constants for about thirteen different equations. These equations were evaluated statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA), total error, model of' selection criterion (MSC), Coefficient of Determination (CD), Correlation coefficient (R) and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), with the main objective of selecting the best equation for the location. The study revealed that rainfall intensity can be expressed in terms of either the amount of rainfall time only, frequency or both duration of the rain and time of return with empirically derived constants. Statistical evaluation revealed that the correlation coefficients of equations for Makurdi were between 0.896 and 0.894, respectively. Model 12 was discovered to be most accurate model for prediction of rainfall amount as against model 15 presented in literature. The model had the highest correlation coefficient for Makurdi. According to findings, functions of the duration of rainfall, return time, and empirically derived constants are the best functions, which explains the severity of the rain the best based on the values of MSC, CD, AIC and R.
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    Development of Rainfall Intensity - Duration – Frequency (RIDF) Using Statistical Package for The Social Sciences (SPSS) as a Numerical Tool
    (LAUTECH Journal of Civil and Environmental Studies, 2023-03) Opeyemi K. Olayanju
    Information and adequate data on the intensity–duration–frequency of rainfall are regular requirements to reduce and correct variations in hydrologic, environmental and hydraulic applications, which are vital elements in Civil and Environmental engineering works. This paper focuses on the utilization of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) as a numerical tool for the development of accurate Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency (RIDF) equations for Makurdi, Nigeria as a follow-up to our previous studies. Rainfall intensities from Makurdi were used to establish empirically derived constants (C, m, n, and a) for three different Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency equations. These equations were evaluated statistically (Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), total error, model of' selection criterion (MSC), Coefficient of Determination (CD), Correlation coefficient (R) and Akaike Information Criterion (A IC), with the main objective of utilizing SPSS in the selection of the best equation for the location. The study revealed that C” ranges from 281.456 to 5160.64, “m” was between 0.446 and 0.577, “n” was in the form of -1.142 to 10.8887 and the value of “a” was between 14.486 and 52.793. The CD and R values for models A, B and C were 0.816, 0.854 and 0.8159, 0.903, 0.924 and 0.903 respectively. It was concluded that SPSS can be used as a numerical tool in the design of storm drains.
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    Efficacy of Ozone Bubbles in Disinfecting Underground Water in Okeijebu, Ikole Ekiti, Nigeria
    (International Journal of Basic Science and Technology, 2023-05) Opeyemi K. Olayanju
    The problem of potable water deficiency is becoming a global concern. The sixth of the sustainable development goals (SDG) calls for eradicating open defecation and ensuring that everyone has access to clean, affordable drinking water and to also promote sustainable freshwater supply and abstraction as well as to enhance water quality and water usage efficiency. The disinfecting process has been considered one of the most important vital steps in underground water treatment. Ozone (O3) is one of the disinfecting mechanisms used in groundwater to remove microorganisms, inorganic ions, and organic pollutants from underground water samples. This study is therefore focused on the assessment of the efficacy of ozone gas-based sterilization on underground water in a university community of Federal University Oye Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria, and its environs where dependence on underground water is prominent because of lack of access to pipe borne water. O3 was diffused through water samples obtained by grabbed sampling method from different hand-dug wells (HDW1-HDW8) in the community for multiple durations (05, 10, 15, and 20 min), to determine the effectiveness of O3 in eliminating pathogens. Preliminary results showed that the E-coli levels in HDW1-HDW8 range between 28 and 55 cfu per 100ml of water sample. Upon exposure to ozone, the E-coli levels reduced drastically (0-8 cfu) at exposure times of 15- 20 minutes which conforms to the standard stipulated by the WHO (0-3cfu) and NSQDW (0-10cfu). It concluded that the high presence of E-coli in underground water sources in these communities requires proper treatment before consumption to forestall waterborne diseases and death and recommends the use of ozone for its treatment at an exposure rate of 20 minutes.
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    Green Chemistry Perspective as a Driver in the Removal of Endocrine Disruptive Chemicals from Water
    (American Chemical Society, 2023-10) Opeyemi K. Olayanju
    Currently, one of the major challenges of the twenty-first century is the pollution of global water with chemicals that imitate hormones in the human body and block receptor sites, thus, upsetting the regular functioning of the endocrine system. Several methods have been advanced for removing these chemical contaminants in water. Nevertheless, several of these methods are inefficient and cause secondary environmental problems. Hence, there is a need for green approaches for the removal of these contaminants present in water. A green approach to the design and the removal processes of these endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) from water has been recognized as one major route to attaining the United Nations sustainable development goals #6 and 3. This article, therefore, gives an overview of the occurrence of EDCs in aquatic environments, their effects on public health, and management through green and sustainable processes. The article advances in green approach for different water treatment techniques applied and material synthesis employed in the management of EDCs in water from the perspective of several principles of green chemistry. Removal techniques and materials whose synthetic routes are considered to have satisfied at least one of the 12 principles of green chemistry were considered. This chapter provides requisite knowledge that can drive the proper selection of sustainable methods and the design of materials to abate EDCs in water.
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    Investigation of tensile strength performance of green concrete incorporating steel slag
    (Hybrid Advances, 2024-04) Opeyemi K. Olayanju
    This study examined the compressive and tensile strength performance of steel slag-containing concrete composites in a sulphate environment. Steel slag sourced locally was mechanically crushed and sieved into aggregates ranging in size from 20 to 1 mm. The control concrete of grade 20 and other five (5) batches of concrete with 10 to 50% steel slag at a step of 10% as replacement for natural coarse aggregate were produced. The physical properties of the aggregate specimens (steel slag and granite) were evaluated in the laboratory, as well as the concrete workability and the 7- and 28-day compressive and tensile strengths after exposure to 50 g/l of magnesium and sodium for 7 and 28 days. According to the results, the concrete workability decreased as the steel slag content increases. The 20 N/mm2 desire strength with rise in compressive and split tensile strengths as the steel slag contents increased from 0 to 50% after curing in water for 28 days. The concrete compressive and tensile strengths improved with steel slag content ranging from 0 to 40% but decreased with increase in steel slag content from 30 to 50% after exposure to Na2SO4 for 28 days. For the concrete exposed to MgSO4, the compressive and split tensile strengths increased when the steel slag content increased from 0 to 40% before it decreased with further increase in steel slag from 40 to 50% after 28 days. The experimental findings revealed that up to 40% steel slag is sufficient as replacement for natural coarse aggregate in concrete work exposed to aggressive sulphate climate. Thus, for improved compressive and tensile performance, the optimum of 40% steel slag is suggested as replacement for natural coarse aggregate substitution for healthier sulphate attack resistance.
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    Performance Evaluation of Microsoft Excel Solver in The Pipe Network of An Open Loops
    (Science Forum, 2023-11) Opeyemi K. Olayanju
    In this paper, pipe network analysis was conducted on an open loop system utilising Microsoft Excel Solver (MiES) as a way to evaluate the performance of MiES and attain a sustainable potable water supply scheme. The pipe network, a non-closed loop, was analysed using MiES. Selected hydraulic variables (discharge rate, velocity of water flow, friction factor in the pipe, Reynold’s number of the flow and headloss due to friction loss) were determined. Models that relate the friction factor of the pipe to the selected hydraulic parameter and diameter of the pipe selected were developed using Microsoft Excel Solver and evaluated statistically (using correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination). These equations to establish the flows were solved using the Microsoft Excel Solver method to calculate, pump characteristics parameters, headloss and flows. These calculated flows and headloss were evaluated statistically using root squared error, total error, mean squared error, average error, analysis of variances (ANOVA), sum of error, and model of selection criterion (MSC), using results of hydraulic parameters from EPANET as standard. The study revealed that the flow rate computed for the pipes was comparable for the two equations (EPANET and MiES) and there are no significant differences between the expected flow rates and computed flow rates in the pipes using continuity equations using the two techniques (statistical F41,41 was 0.785774; probability was 0.7782333) at 95 % confidence level. The best model was a model that relates the friction factor of the pipe to the hydraulic parameter and diameter with an MSC of 3.094. It was concluded that determining flow rate and conducting pipe network analysis with MiES is among the best techniques for pipe network analysis. The calculated flow rates using MiES were similar to the computed flow rate using the EPANET technique and there was no significant difference between these calculated flow rates using the two techniques
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    Review of Anaerobic Baffled Reactor for Treatment of Industrial Wastewater in Nigeria
    (Intechopen, 2024-06) Opeyemi K. Olayanju
    Industrialization, although with its gain has also led to environmental degradation. One of such degradation is pollution. Water we know is essential to life but with industrialization, the existence is being greatly threatened. The need to treat wastewater has become incontrovertibly important as man’s activities in the environment has depleted the limited available water sources daily. These activities include indiscriminate discharge of untreated wastewater into neighboring water bodies thereby causing pollution to the environment and aquatic life. For years, conventional wastewater treatment processes have been adopted and found reasonably successful in treating effluents from wastewater in order to meet the required standard before discharge. The review of the anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) in the management of industrial wastewater is done in this chapter. The review considers the use of ABR in Nigeria for the treatment of industrial wastewater. The ABR’s basic principle, applications, merits, demerits and challenges (in Nigeria) is addressed.
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    SIMULATION OF RELIABILITY, RELIABILITY INDEX, PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION AND FAILURE FUNCTIONS FROM WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION FOR ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS
    (FUDMA Journal of Sciences, 2024-06) Opeyemi K. Olayanju
    In modelling and simulating future rainfall for a selected location, the probability distributions have been established to be an effective tool. In this study, the different methods utilised in the estimation of the probability distributions’ parameters were evaluated and presented using Weibull's two parameters. Different estimator methods (mean rank, median rank, symmetric, graphical, least square, empirical, maximum likelihood, general probability, modified maximum likelihood, Mabchour, alternative maximum likelihood, equivalent energy, moment expression, Lysen and Moment methods) were used to determine probability density function, reliability, reliability index and failure functions of rainfall data from Maiduguri. The performances of these different methods were compared probability density function, reliability, reliability index and failure functions of Weibull two parameters. The study revealed that the values of probability distribution dimensionless shape variables were between 1.0193 and 4.205, and probability distribution scale factor constants were between 0.302 and 7.254. These values are all positive (non-negative values or less than zero) values. It was established that there were significant differences (F108, 1728 was 162.1976 and the probability (p) was zero) between the individual reliabilities and Weibull estimators (F15, 1620 was 14928.98 and probability was zero) at a 95 % confidence level (p less than 0.05). It was concluded that caution must be taken in the utilization of general probability, equivalent energy, Alternative Maximum Likelihood Method and moment expression methods in any engineering applications to prevent failure of devices or infrastructure.
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    SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF THE GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS: A CASE STUDY OF ELIZADE UNIVERSITY
    (FUDMA Journal of Sciences, 2024-10) Opeyemi K. Olayanju
    Soil variability can alter the mechanical behaviour of foundations. It is therefore, necessary to conduct site investigations specific geotechnical analysis before any construction. This study evaluated selected engineering index and properties of soils at three different locations (sites) and depths withing Elizade University (EU), Ilara-Mokin. Five soil samples were collected from each of these locations and their engineering index and properties were determined. Statistical analysis namely Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was utilised to determine the effects of location within the campus on the selected engineering properties. The mean and standard deviation (SD) of the engineering properties of soils collected within each site were also determined. The study revealed that plastic index (Pi), liquid limit (LL), moisture content (Mc), and plastic limit (Pl) were in the range of 4 to 32, 38 to 58.5, 11.6 to 29.04 %, 20 to 42 and respectively. The engineering index of the soil and engineering properties of the soil were significantly affected by the location with F14,42 equal to 2.592212, p was 0.008673 and F14, 42 equal to 3.210318 and p was 0.001719, respectively (which are less than 0.05). The high SD also showed that the soil properties have a wide range of values within same site, this was particularly so, in the case of the Atterberg’s limits, shear strength parameters and bearing capacities. The concluded that there is variability in the soil properties within the location.
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    UTILIZATION OF EPANET FOR THE DESIGN OF INSTITUTIONAL PIPE NETWORK
    (Science Forum, 2023) Opeyemi K. Olayanju
    Sustainable facility design has been established as one of the most important practices for achieving sustainability. Efforts to enhance the progress on access to drinking water, sanitation and hygiene in institution’s environments, attain 17 United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, environmental and cost performances of a product require innovative design. This innovative facility design requires new design concepts and engineering specifications. In this paper, pipe network analysis of Elizade University (EU), Ilara-Mokin was conducted as a way to attain a sustainable product. The population of the institution between 2011 and 2018 was collected and projected to 2026 using the geometrical progression technic. Water demand at each of the nodes was computed using standard methods. The network was drawn and analysed using EPANET software. The study revealed that the pipeline was open loops, a mixture of both surface and underground layouts. It has an overhead tank, 43 pipes of two diameters (50 mm and 150 mm) and 44 nodes. 50 mm diameter pipes accounted for 54.51 % and 150 mm accounted for 45.49%. The water demands at the nodes were between 30l/s and 480l/s, flows in the pipes were from 20 l/s to 3545l/s, and the velocity of flow in the pipe was in the range of 1.13 m/s to 1805 m/s and the friction factor of these pipes ranged between 0.012 and 0.016. Analysis of the Variance of the effects of the diameters on the outputs of the analysis revealed that the diameter of the pipe has an effect on the flow or discharge and the velocity of flow or discharge in the pipe, and the friction factor of these pipes, but not a significant a factor at 95 % confidence level (F1,10= 0.034; p = 0.858). It was concluded that the pipeline and pipe layout at the EU is mainly open loops, consisting of 50 millimetres and 150 millimetres diameter pipes and the size of the pipe (diameter) is a function of the flow rate, the velocity of flow and the friction factor through it.
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    Weibull Technique for Evaluation of Swelling: Composite Graphite Resin Electrode for Electrochemical Treatment of Gold Mining Wastewaters
    (Materials Science Forum, 2024-02) Opeyemi K. Olayanju
    This paper evaluated the swelling of graphite resin electrodes developed for utilization in the electrochemical treatment of gold mining wastewater. Graphite-resin electrodes were developed from used dry cells and resin using non-heat treatment processes (segregation). The Microstructure of the electrode was determined using a scanning electron microscope (Carl Zeiss Smart Evo 10) to ascertain the composition of the electrode. The swelling property of the electrodes was measured using the standard method through a combination of gold mining wastewater and chloride salt solutions. Effects of operational factors (particle size, percentage binder and compressive “compacting” pressure) on the swelling of the electrodes were monitored and evaluated statistically (using analysis of variance). Weibull probability distribution (2 and 3 parameters) was applied to the swelling through Microsoft Excel Solver and Moment Likelihood Method to ascertain the usefulness of the electrode in environmental pollution control through computation of reliability. The study revealed that the swelling was in the range of 1.48 % to 2.24 %, particle size (F5,20 =196.48, p = 2.76 x 10-16), percentage binder (F4,12 =181.58, p = 1.27 x 10-10), and compressive pressure (F3,12 = 106.69, p = 6.43 x 10-9) were significant factors that influence swelling of graphite-resin electrode at 95 % confidence level. the values of α and β for 2-parameters Weibull distribution are 63.162 and 15.098, and 1.265 and 10.089 for MSE and MLM methods, respectively. The Table shows that the values of α, β and θ for 3-parameters Weibull distribution are 3.679, 8.097 and 0.168, and 4.350, 7.165 and 0.198 for MSE and MLM methods, respectively. It was concluded that particle size and compacting pressure are significant factors that had an effect on the swelling of graphite resin electrodes for treatment water and wastewater.