Browsing by Author "Olukayode, O."

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    Ambient Air Emission Profiles of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons around a Typical University Power House in Nigeria
    (Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2023-10) Olukayode, O.
    The level of electricity generation in Nigeria is presently grossly inadequate. Consequently, the productive sectors of the economy do not presently enjoy an uninterrupted supply of electrical energy from the country’s national grid and the downtime is in most cases too much. Using diesel-fueled electric power generators has become an attractive alternative to meet the shortfall in the energy supply gap. In this study, the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the vicinity of the diesel-fueled electric power generators operated by Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria were investigated with a view to ascertain the priority levels and carcinogenic PAHs. Since the generators were recently relocated, the study covered the old and the new sites. Polyurethane foam passive samplers were deployed at the old and new sites for 28 days. They were subjected to sohxlet extraction using dichloromethane to extract the PAHs from the PUFs. Cleaning up and elution were done with 5 g of silica gel column and 40 mL 1:1, DCM:Hexane followed by concentration in a rotary evaporator using a stream of nitrogen. Gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was used to determine of PAHs. The Ʃ priority PAHs around the old and new sites were in the range of 4.43-5.44 μg/m3 and 4.47-5.35 μg/m3, respectively. The Ʃ carcinogenic PAHs at the sites were 2.98 -3.42 μg/m3 and 3.35 - 4.17 μg/m3. Higher molecular weight PAHs dominated the measured PAHs with benzo[a]pyrene being the most significant contributor to the computed total toxicity equivalence (TTEQ). The PAHs diagnostic ratios affirmed that the measured PAHs were from diesel-related sources. The levels of the PAHs obtained in this study are above permissible limits specified for ambient air; hence, the air around the power plant is considered unsafe.
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    APPLICATION OF MACHINE LEARNING TO PREDICTION OF TURBINE ROTOR VIBRATION IN STEAM POWER PLANT
    (Journal of Energy and Safety Technology, 2023-12-14) Olukayode, O.
    Presented in this study is a predictive approach to the maintenance of turbine rotors in thermal power plants. Using a supervised machine learning technique, a model that could predict future vibrations was developed on the MATLAB simulation platform. Historical data on the vibration symptoms of the turbine-generator couple in a generating unit of a steam power plant were employed on the model to predict the future technical condition of the plant component after the model has already been trained with a portion of the turbine-generator section’s operational data. Distribution of the test values of the data about the lines of regression was obtained by quantitative analysis; likewise, the model’s ability to correctly predict items that were not used in the training process was also measured. Performance evaluation of the model shows mean square error and mean absolute error of 0.000013691 and 0.0025, respectively at training; 0.000078253 and 0.0030, respectively at validation; as well as 0.0011 and0.0037 respectively at testing. Future maintenance needs of the turbine rotor can thus be determined by comparing predictions with the vibration safety threshold of the rotor. Operators of modern power plants can leverage the approach of this study to model and plan maintenance schemes that best suit individual units of power plants, rather than premising maintenance of plant components on the rule of thumb.
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    Automatic Water Level Control System Using Programmable Logic Controller
    (Adeleke University Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2023-06-25) Olukayode, O.
    Automation is an essential component of industries as it enhances precision, productivity, safety, and mitigates potential risks arising from human errors. This paper addresses the use of MITSUBISHI’S FX1N32MR PLC (Programmable Logic Controllers) and Float switches to monitor and control the water level in a tank. The PLC receives water level information as signals from the Upper and lower limit float switches then in turn activates the appropriate Indicator LEDs and Pump as specified by the ladder logic program running on the PLC. The goal is to demonstrate a cost effective, affordable and efficient method of automating water level and consumption in a tank
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    Demonstration of Power Factor Improvement on Wind Energy Conversion Systems using Wind Turbine Emulator
    (Nigerian Society of Engineer Technical Transaction, 2016-03) Olukayode, O.
    Effect of reactive power compensation in the operation of wind energy conversion systems is demonstrated in this study using a laboratory scale wind turbine emulator. the emulator is developed to provide a laboratory level teaching aid on wind power based autonomous electric micro-grid technology. Resulting from it drawing reactive power from the host grid, the emulator operates at a low power factor and this is corrected using a capacitor-based reactive power compensation scheme. The improvement in the power factor of the lab-grid, using the compensator, shows that a characteristic behavior of real wind turbine is perfectly replicated by the emulator. The emulator is thereby validated for adoption as a laboratory level demonstration and instructional facility in the teaching of wind energy conversion technology systems.
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    Design and analysis of a novel light-weight, linear actuator driven flexible PET strips robotic gripper
    (UNIOSUN Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 2023-03) Olukayode, O.
    A robotic manipulator consists of a robotic arm and an end-effector. The function of the end-effector or robotic gripper is to allow the robotic arm to grasp and manipulate objects. The traditional hard robotic grippers are prone to poor gripping ability when grasping objects with irregular shape or in-ability to passively adjust force to delicate objects. Soft Robotic grippers were purposely designed to solve these disadvantages. In this work, a novel light weight robotic gripper based on grasping action of holding an object in between two strips of in-elastic flexible material under tensile force developed when pulled is hereby presented. Force analysis of the gripper was carried out as well as validation experiments. Analysis shows that the minimum pulling force to be exerted by the gripper on the grasping strips is directly proportional to the payload mass and the strips lengths. It is also inversely proportional to the coefficient of static friction between the payload-strips interface and the horizontal extent of the payload. Experimental results supported these observations. Moreover the predicted analytical values of gripper pulling force agreed reasonably with the empirically derived values. A proof of concept model of the gripper successfully grasps a 185g object.
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    DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A TABLE MOUNTED MANUAL SEED CRACKING MACHINE FOR A HARD SEED (DEOCLA REFLEXA HOOK F)
    (Design of Machines and Structures, 2023) Olukayode, O.
    Dioclea reflexa seed is a non-conventional seed widely used in the south-eastern Nigeria for culinary and herbal purposes. In using it for these purposes, cracking of the seed to expose the cotyledon is a necessity. However, the seed is seen as one of the hard seeds difficult to crack manually. This work hereby presents the conceptual solution and the fabricated prototype of the manually operated machine to efficiently and safely crack the seed. The design concept involved pushing the seed into a converging passageway with the attendant reaction of the narrowing space-seed interface developing a force that will eventually crack the seed. The machine developed, which also serves as a proof of the concept was fabricated from mild steel using established methods of metal fabrication. The machine prototype was evaluated for seed cracking efficiency as well as the perceived ease of use by operators. Results shows that the machine achieved 96% cracking efficiency and the average response of the test subjects invited to operate the machine was that it is easy to operate.
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    Design and Fabrication of a Manually Controlled Electro-Mechanical Manipulator for Educational Purpose
    (UNIOSUN JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES, 2022-03) Olukayode, O.
    In the fields of robotics and mechatronics, the use of an experimental platform in the learning process to allow for practical experience and demonstration of the core concepts cannot be overemphasized. A real-life mini robotic arm is indispensable to the learning process in these fields of study. There are commercially available robotic manipulators designed for educational purposes. However, majority of commercially available robots applicable for undergraduate or graduate levels learning are very expensive or have a closed hardware and software architecture. To this end, an easy to fabricate and inexpensive three degrees of freedom electro-mechanical manipulator is hereby presented. Sufficient information and design methodology employed in its fabrication is succinctly detailed including working drawings, components materials specifications and design calculations so that any student can reproduce the manipulator in the laboratory or workshop. In terms of performance, the manipulator gripper successfully lifted differently shaped payloads of 150g each of the test weights without slipping through the gripper jaws both when stationary and when in motion. For the repeatability test, the calculated repeatability was ±0.088 mm this is within the range for common commercial robotic manipulators. The overall cost of materials and standard components was NGN 38,000 (USD 77.00). The produced manipulator is relatively cheaper compared to commercially available educational robotic manipulators.
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    Design and Simulation of Programmable Logic Controller Based Multi-Channel Fire Detection and Alarm System
    (Adeleke University Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2023-06-25) Olukayode, O.
    his study designed and simulated a cost-effective multi-channel automated fire detection and extinguishing system using Programmable Logic Controller, PLC. The system incorporates heat detectors and smoke detectors to determine temperature rise and smoke emissions during fire incidents. Additionally, manual call points are included to allow users to manually initiate fire alarms if they notice a fire outbreak before the detectors do. The detected signals are transmitted to the PLC, which activates a fire alarm and activates a solenoid valve. The solenoid valve can be used to control the release of fire suppressants like high-pressure carbon dioxide or water depending on the class of fire outbreak. To ensure continuous awareness of the fire event, the alarm remains activated until it is manually reset using a reset key or button. The proposed system offers an efficient and reliable solution for fire detection and extinguishing, incorporating both automated and manual control mechanisms
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    DESIGN OF A SINGLE MAST RETRACTABLE CARPORT CANOPY
    (Machine Design Journal, 2020-03) Olukayode, O.
    Design solution to failure of carport canopy structural frame under severe weather conditions is presented. The carport is conceived to be a single mast structure supporting an overhead retractable canopy operated by screw mechanism. The retraction of the canopy deny extreme weather conditions such as strong wind or heavy snowfall a surface area on which to act upon thereby generating excessive load that may collapse the whole structure. The design process followed well established design procedure. Critical components were analyzed for functionality and safety. A proof of concept model at a reduced scale was fabricated which successfully demonstrated the efficacy of the deployment and the retracting mechanism.
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    DESIGN, FABRICATION AND EVALUATION OF DIGITAL TILT TEST DEVICE
    (LAUTECH Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2022-04-07) Olukayode, O.
    Due to the high and fluctuating exchange rate, obtaining devices and equipment for practical demonstration of theoretical contents of engineering and applied science courses in developing countries is becoming a herculean task. To sustain the practical aspect of these courses, some of the devices have to be locally manufactured. In this study, a digital tilt test device for determining the basic friction angle and joint roughness coefficient (JRC) of rock samples was designed and fabricated using majorly local materials. Comparing the device's results with those obtained from the Profilometer, there was a satisfactory correlation between the two results. The device is much cheaper to manufacture locally than the imported onesTherefore, it is recommended that the device be used for estimating the friction angle and JRC of rock samples. Similar devices with simple mechanisms should be manufactured locally in higher institutions to reduce dependency on foreign devices, which are expensive.
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    Determination of the Optimal Buoy Shape for A Concept Wave Energy Converter to Harness Low Amplitude Sea Waves using Numerical Simulation
    (International Journal of Marine Engineering Innovation and Research, 2019-09) Olukayode, O.
    This research investigates the optimal buoy shape for a conceptual point absorber Wave Energy Converter (WEC) for harnessing low amplitude sea waves characteristic of the Gulf of Guinea coast. It has been established that shape of buoy is one of the main parameter affecting the efficiency of a point absorber WEC. Based on best buoy shapes as reported in literature, two shapes are selected for comparison: cone-cylinder composite buoy and Concave wedge shaped buoy. The WEC’s buoy and the power take off were mathematically modelled as a mass-spring-damper system. The buoys hydrodynamic coefficients were computed using strip theory, while the simulation in the time domain was executed using MATLAB. Impute parameters referred to as the sea states, in five levels, were described by the significant wave height Hs and the corresponding energy period Te, typical of the gulf. Output parameters are displacement, velocity, acceleration and force of the buoys, as well as the instantaneous power output of the WEC. For the levels considered, the optimum sea state for the two buoys peaked at level 4 (Hs = 1.5 m, Te = 14 s), with concave wedge buoy having an optimal power output of 8 kW while that of cone-cylinder being 3.7 kW. For the other levels the wedge buoy also consistently gives relatively greater power output than the cone cylinder buoy.
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    Development Of An Incinerator For Combusting Household Solid Waste
    (Premier Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2023-01) Olukayode, O.
    Incineration is the combustion of waste materials at a high temperature environment. It functions as an alternative to landfill and biological treatment methods such as composting process and anaerobic digestion. This work developed a household incinerator for combustion of municipal solid waste. The incinerator consists of a square mild steel box 340 mm x 340 mm, gas burner, grate exhaust and a temperature indicator. The components were designed according to standard engineering procedures and materials selection was based on functionality, durability, cost and local availability with the maximum loading capacity of 2.0 kg of waste. The incinerator was assembled by lining the inner wall of the incinerator with fibre glass of 2 mm thickness after which the temperature indicator was positioned. A rectangular hole of 80 mm x 70 mm was cut from the exhaust at the upper part of the incinerator and rectangular hole of 200 mm x 100 mm was also cut at lower part of two adjacent sides to allow air in the combustion chamber. The developed incinerator was tested using gas as a source of heat. The quantity of heat required for combustion using the developed incinerator for waste paper and plastic were; paper and plastic (combined) 1630.0 kJ, paper1571.14 kJ, and plastic 940.21 kJ. The maximum paper capacity for the incinerator was found to be 2 kg with a burning time of 17 to 18 minutes while that of plastic was 1 kg and the burning time ranged from 20 to 30 minutes. For combination of plastic and paper, it was 1.5 kg and burning time ranged from 17 to 30 minutes. Ash was prevented and kept for further engineering use. In a densely populated area, where finding space for additional landfill was difficult, incinerator made it easier. The developed incinerator was capable of performing the expected function though it is recommended for incineration of low volume of wastes.
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    DEVELOPMENT OF AN IOT-BASED MOBILE ROBOT FOR HAZARDOUS GAS DETECTION
    (LAUTECH Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2024-04-01) Olukayode, O.
    The escalating concerns regarding environmental safety and the potential hazards posed by poisonous gases necessitate innovative approaches for efficient detection and monitoring. This paper introduces a novel solution in the form of a remote-controlled mobile robot equipped with advanced gas-sensing technologies. The robotic system aims to autonomously navigate hazardous environments, identifying and quantifying the presence of poisonous gases in real time. The methodology involves the integration of state-of-the-art gas sensors on the four wheeled mobile robot, enabling it to perform comprehensive gas detection while being remotely controlled for optimal safety. The paper details the design and implementation of the mobile robot sensors and navigational controls, emphasizing its adaptability to various terrains and its ability to transmit real-time data to an Internet of Things (IOT) application. Results from experimental trials demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed system in detecting and mapping poisonous gas concentrations, providing a valuable tool for environmental monitoring and emergency response.
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    DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY FOR KERNEL-SHELL EXTRACTION ON ROTATING INCLINE
    (Applied Engineering Letters, 2020-03-31) Olukayode, O.
    Separation theory describing the motions of palm kernel and shell on rotating incline was analysed. Two series of differential equations, in order to obtain the dispatch angles of kernel and shell for the separation process were developed respectively. The differences in the motions and physical features of the particles formed the premise for separation. The results obtained from the theory showed a possibility of product separation within the approximate ranges of dispatch angles between 25 and 900 for kernels and shells on rotating incline, with specified slide limit, angular velocity and radius of the incline, and comparisons were made between the theoretical and experimental results. The dispatch angles obtained from both theory and experiment reasonably showed significant agreement and therefore suggested validity of the developed theory.
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    EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENTS AND COMPRESSION AXES ON SOME PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DIOCLEA REFLEXA SEED
    (Journal of Applied Life Sciences and Environment, 2022) Olukayode, O.
    Interest in unconventional seeds such as Dioclea reflexa is growing in the tropical regions, with the potential for utilisation as food or industrial materials. Researchers confirmed that Dioclea reflexa seed has the potential for clinical use, use as a food source, and as industrial raw material. This research studies the effect of moisture content on the physical properties of Dioclea reflexa seed and the effect of moisture content and compression axes its mechanical properties. Standards methods were used to determine the physical properties, while the mechanical properties were derived from force-deformation curves for the moisture content range 4.8 to 12.1% (wet basis). The mean values of the seed’s length increased by 3.55% (from 31.01 mm), the width increased by 4.13% (from 26.64 mm), and the thickness decreased by 2.48% (from 21.75 mm). The geometric mean diameter increased by 1.68%, surface area increased by 3.68%, sphericity decreased by 1.54% and individual seed mass increased by 10.46%. The physical properties exhibit linear relationships with moisture content. Rupture force increased by 75% (from 0.80 kN) for loading along the major axis; by 84% (from 0.72 kN) for the intermediate axis; and by 41% (from 0.78 kN) for the minor axis. Rupture energy increased from 0.18 J to 1.25 J for compression along the major axis, from 0.087 J to 0.43 J for the intermediate axis, and from 0.080 J to 0.18 J for the minor axis. The mechanical properties were found to be moisture content and loading orientation-dependent. Reducing moisture content reduced both the force and the energy required to rupture the seeds. The data generated will be useful in the design of processing machinery and storage facilities for the seeds.
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    EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A CONCEPT WAVE ENERGY CONVERTER FOR HARNESSING LOW AMPLITUDE SEA WAVES
    (Journal of Engineering Studies and Research, 2020-07-27) Olukayode, O.
    This paper presents the results from experimental validation of numerical simulation of a concept wave energy converter for low amplitude sea waves. The device was conceived to contain a wave amplifying device (WAD) to magnify the wave height of incident waves while point absorber buoy(s) efficiently harness the wave energy for electricity production. The validation results show that the optimum aperture angle for the WAD is 45±2 degree, and wave height magnification of 170% is possible. The optimal buoy shape for the device was confirmed as concave wedge buoy. The combination of the two in a single device shall make economical the harnessing of low amplitude waves.
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    Mathematical Models for Predicting the Mechanical Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid) for Load-Bearing Applications
    (Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2022-07) Olukayode, O.
    In order to widen the areas of application of poly (lactic acid) (PLA), there has been a multiplicity of experiments. This study attempts to develop mathematical models for predicting the mechanical properties of PLA to reduce the number of experimental runs and material wastage. The melt-cast method produced unreinforced PLA samples with different slenderness ratios (λ) in triplicate using. The samples were subjected to a compression test to obtain the mechanical properties captured at three main points on the stress-strain curve: yield, ultimate stress, and fracture. Regression models were developed from the data obtained at the three points, and their validity was examined by testing them against the previous relevant experimental studies from various authors. The coefficient of determination (R2) and coefficient of correlation (ρ) was also examined for each model to establish their degree of correctness further. Analyses show that the developed models give reasonable approximations of some of the properties examined. The mass (M) and the modulus of elasticity (E) were the most accurately predictable properties with [R2, ρ] of [99.97%, 0.9998] and [91.55%, 0.9568], respectively. Results also show that apart from the melt-cast method, the compressive modulus of PLA (both circular and rectangular cross-sections test samples) produced via injection molding and fused filament fabrication can be predicted with near accuracy using the model developed in this study. This study gives researchers the tools needed to avoid material wastage by having close-to-real values of the mechanical properties of PLA through prediction before carrying out any experiment.
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    Optimization and modeling of process parameters on the yield of enhanced pyrolysis oil during co-pyrolysis of cassava peel with polystyrene
    (Environmental Challenges, 2021-10) Olukayode, O.
    The co-pyrolysis of cassava peel (CP) and a synthetic waste, that is polystyrene (PS) has been investigated to optimize the yield of biofuel with improved properties. The main and interaction effects of process variables (temperature, feedstock ratio, and pyrolysis time) on the yield of pyrolysis oil were modeled and the optimal condition for enhanced pyrolysis oil yield was determined using response surface methodology by employing the central composite design matrix. A model equation was generated using the data obtained and the significance of the model was investigated using analysis of variance to determine if the fit of multiple regressions was significant. Some physical properties of the pyrolysis oil at the optimum condition were determined to investigate the suitability of the pyrolysis oil as a fuel source. From the statistical analysis, the study concluded that the feedstock ratio has the most significant effect on the yield of pyrolysis oil.
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    SCREW ACTUATED FOLDING CRANE
    (Federal Republic of Nigeria, Federal Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investment, Commercial Law Department, 2023-08-01) Olukayode, O.
    A workshop screw actuated folding crane is hereby presented. Crane is indispensable equipment in engineering workshop for lifting and lowering of heavy machine components. Proprietary cranes as currently available in the market employ hydraulic pump/ram as the lifting device in the crane. Though possessing its own merits, hydraulic pump/ram requires intensive and regular maintenance, the systems often requires parts with a very high degree of precision; a small leak in the hydraulic pipeline can be catastrophic to the transfer of power and can cause workshop accident. Also preparing the crane for storage pose is a dangerous task since it requires detachment and moving of heavy crane parts to achieve. Hence this invention solved the two aforementioned challenges by replacing the hydraulic pump with a screw actuator device and by providing a mechanism for folding the in storage pose in a safe manner. It was so design as to be easy to fabricate using existing crane manufacturing capability, and with cost effectiveness in mind when compared with the current versions available in the market
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    Simulation of load-sharing in standalone distributed generation system
    (IOP Publishing, 2018) Olukayode, O.
    This paper presents a study on load-sharing among the component generating units of a multi-source electric microgrid that is operated as an autonomous ac supply-mode system. Emerging trend in power system development permits deployment of microgrids for standalone or stand-by applications, thereby requiring active- and reactive power sharing among the discrete generating units contained in hybrid-source microgrids. In this study, therefore, a laboratory-scale model of a microgrid energized with three renewable energybased sources is employed as a simulation platform to investigate power sharing among the power-generating units. Each source is represented by a source emulator that captures the real operational characteristics of the mimicked generating unit and, with implementation of reallife weather data and load profiles on the model; the sharing of the load among the generating units is investigated. There is a proportionate generation of power by the three source emulators, with their frequencies perfectly synchronized at the point of common coupling as a result of balance flow of power among them. This hybrid topology of renewable energy-based microgrid could therefore be seamlessly adapted into national energy mix by the indigenous electric utility providers in Nigeria.