Browsing by Author "Olatomide D. Oluwasegun"

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    Assessment of the effect of post-natal lead exposure on the hippocampus of developing Wistar rats
    (African Journal of Cellular Pathology, 2019) Olatomide D. Oluwasegun
    This study examined the effect of post-natal lead exposure on the hippocampus of developing Wistar rats. Nine pregnant Wistar rats were randomly distributed into three groups of three rats each, consisting of a control Group 1 which received distilled water and experimental Groups 2 and 3 orally administered with 60 and 90 mg/kg bwt of lead acetate, respectively. The pups of the experimental Groups 2 and 3 were exposed to lead acetate via lactation from dams that were administered lead acetate from post-natal day (PND) 1 - PND 21. On PND 22, all the pups were weighed, and then euthanized. The brains of the pups were excised, weighed; lead deposit was quantified and fixed in Bouin’s fluid. The results revealed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in body weight, insignificant (p>0.05) decrease in brain weight, significant increase(p<0.05) in brain somatic index (BSI), significant increase(p<0.05) in lead deposition, weak staining for Nissl substance and distortion in cytoarchitecture of the hippocampus of Wistar rat’s pups exposed to lead acetate compared to the control. Post-natal exposure to lead acetate via lactation caused an increase in lead deposition, decrease in body weight and distortion in the cytoarchitecture of the hippocampus of developing Wistar rats.
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    Designing a multi-epitope vaccine against the Lassa virus through reverse vaccinology, subtractive proteomics, and immunoinformatics approaches
    (Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, 2021-08-08) Olatomide D. Oluwasegun
    Lassa virus, an arenavirus, represents the most prevalent human pathogen causing viral hemorrhagic fever. It is endemic in Nigeria and other West African countries. Despite the high burden of the disease, limited treatments are available and no approved vaccine for the prevention of this disease is available. In this study, an immunoinformatics and reverse vaccinology pipeline was employed to predict a multi-epitope vaccine. Four fundamental virulent and proteogenic proteins (glycoprotein precursor, Viral matrix protein, viral RNA polymerase, and Nucleoprotein) were identified. Using various immunoinformatics tools, 12 CTL, 14 HTL, and six B-cell epitopes were predicted and connected via suitable linkers, together with an adjuvant to develop a 602 amino acids long vaccine construct (VC). The VC was assessed to be non-allergenic, non-toxic, stable, soluble, and highly antigenic. Molecular docking of VC with RIG-I, major histocompatibility complex class I and class II were carried out to validate the interactions with the receptors. The complex of VC-RIG-I was subjected to a dynamic stability test and the RMDS and RMSF results suggest that the complex is stable. Validation of the final vaccine construct was done through in silico cloning using E. coli as a host. A CAI value of 0.99 suggests that the vaccine construct expressed properly in the host. The immune simulation predicted significantly high levels of IgG1, T-helper, T-cytotoxic cells, INF-γ, and IL-2. This rigorous computational study suggests infection control by creating an effective immunological memory against Lassa virus infections. However, both in vitro and in vivo experiments are needed to validate the potential of the proposed vaccine.
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    Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Psidium Guajava Leaves on the Cerebellar Cortex of Adult Male Wistar Rats Treated with Mercuric Chloride
    (Journal of Anatomical Sciences, 2021) Olatomide D. Oluwasegun
    Mercury toxicity has been reported to cause distortion of gait and motor co-ordination due to deficit in the activity of cerebellum. Chelation therapy used in heavy metal toxicity is expensive and has been associated with adverse side effects. Therefore, the present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of ethanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves on the Cerebellar cortex of adult male Wistar rats treated with Mercuric Chloride. Twenty adult Wistar rats were divided into four groups of five rats each. Group 1 served as control and received 1 ml/kg of distilled water, Group 2 received 41.5 mg/kg of Mercuric chloride and 1ml/kg of distilled water, Group 3 received 41.5 mg/kg of Mercuric chloride and 500mg/kg body weight of ethanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves and Group 4 received 41.5 mg/kg of Mercuric chloride and 1000 mg/kg of ethanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves. Motor coordination was evaluated in experimental animals using beam walking test. At the end of the experiment, brain tissues were carefully harvested and fixed in Bouin's fluid, processed and stained for histological studies. The result revealed a significant increase (p<0.05) in the meantime taken by the rats to cross the beam, neuronal degeneration and depletion of Nissl substance in the cerebellar cortex of Wistar rats exposed to Mercuric chloride when compared to the control and groups treated with ethanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves. Ethanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves reversed motor deficits, neurodegeneration and neurotoxicity induced by Mercuric Chloride in adult male Wistar rats.
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    Gross and Histo-Morphological Study of Anti-Ulcerogenic Effects of Cissampelos owariensis (P. Beauv.) Methanolic Extract in Wistar Rats
    (Journal of Biomedical Sciences, 2019-11-12) Olatomide D. Oluwasegun
    Cissampelos owariensis is a tropical medicinal plant widely applied for diverse therapeutic uses such as the treatment of circulatory, reproductive and gastrointestinal conditions. In this study, the gastroprotective activity of methanolic leaf extracts of C. owariensis against prolonged exposure to acidic gastric acid was assessed in male Wistar rats. This study involved 25 male Wistar rats (180-200 g) divided into five groups (n=5) A-E. Groups A and B were used as normal and test controls given distilled water while groups C-E were respectively administered with methanolic extracts of C. owariensis at dosage of 100 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively. The mode of administration was oral and study period was 21 days. Afterward, gastric mucosal injury was induced in groups B-E animals via pyloric ligation method. Macroscopic and microscopic examinations of gastric tissues were done to ascertain the degrees of gastric mucosal protection or erosion using gross photographic and histological staining techniques. The gross appearance of internal aspect of gastric tissues showed mildly eroded mucosal surface in treated groups B-D but intense erosion was observed in test control group E. Consequently, the ulcer index moderately increased in treated groups but significantly increased (p<0.01) in test control group E. Similarly for histological results, the treated groups B-D showed mild or focal mucosal surface erosion compared to intense erosion observed in test control group E. This study thereby indicated that prior treatment with methanolic extracts of C. owariensis can stimulate anti-ulcer effects against gastric mucosal offensive factor such as acidic gastric secretions. This anti-ulcerogenic effect of methanolic extracts of C. owariensis can be associated with the anti-oxidant properties of its constituent phytochemical compounds
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    Histological Assessment of the Effect of Phoenix Dactylifera (Date Palm) on Cortico-ponto-cerebellar Structures in Paraquat Model of Neurotoxicity
    (Journal of Medical and Basic Scientific Research, 2022-09-10) Olatomide D. Oluwasegun
    Background: Herbicides like paraquat (PRQ) are widely used as weed control, predisposing humans to a variety of altered neurological functions. The integrity of brain regions, including structures of the cortico-ponto-cerebellar (CPC) pathway, are involved in the homeostasis of motor activities and coordination. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated the health benefits of Phoenix dactylifera. This study evaluated the ameliorative effect of P. dactylifera fruits pulp extract against PRQ-triggered CPC changes in Wistar rats using histological assessments. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five rats were categorized into five groups (n=5); control was administered 2ml/kg distilled H2O, another group received 11.35mg/kg PRQ, another received 11.35mg/kg PRQ+10mg/kg L-dopa as reference drug, while two other groups received 11.35mg/kg PRQ+500mg/kg aqueous fruit extract of P. dactylifera (AFPD) and 11.35mg/kg PRQ+1,000mg/kg AFPD, respectively for twenty-eight days. Histological examination was conducted using Haematoxylin and Eosin stains to assess the ameliorative effect of AFPD following PRQ-induced CPC changes. Results: Relative to the control, sections of the PRQ (11.35mg/kg)-treated group revealed neurodegenerative changes as cytoarchitectural distortions in CPC structures manifesting as pyknotic nuclei and neuronal necrosis, chromatolysis, perineuronal vacuolations and satelliotosis, and shrunken Purkinje cells and gliosis. However, L-dopa (10mg/kg)- and AFPD (500 and 1,000mg/kg) treatments ameliorated PRQ-induced changes by preserving the CPC cytoarchitecture manifesting as mild distortions to relatively normal cytoarchitecture when compared to the control. AFPD revealed neuroprotection comparable to the reference drug, L-dopa. Conclusion: AFPD has potential ameliorative properties against PRQ-induced CPC neurodegenerative changes in Wistar rats. AFPD neuroprotective properties could be attributed to constituent bioactive compounds with potent antioxidant activities against oxidative stress-related PRQ neuropathological changes.
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    In silico design and analyses of a multi‑epitope vaccine against Crimean‑Congo hemorrhagic fever virus through reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatics approaches
    (Scientific Reports, 2022-05-24) Olatomide D. Oluwasegun
    Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus (CCHFV) is a deadly human pathogen that causes an emerging zoonotic disease with a broad geographic spread, especially in Africa, Asia, and Europe, and the second most common viral hemorrhagic fever and widely transmitted tick‑borne viral disease. Following infection, the patients are presented with a variety of clinical manifestations and a fatality rate of 40%. Despite the high fatality rate, there are unmet clinical interventions, as no antiviral drugs or vaccines for CCHF have been approved. Immunoinformatics pipeline and reverse vaccinology were used in this study to design a multi‑epitope vaccine that may elicit a protective humoral and cellular immune response against Crimean‑Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection. Three essential virulent and antigenic proteins (S, M, and L) were used to predict seven CTL and 18 HTL epitopes that were non‑allergenic, antigenic, IFN‑γ inducing, and non‑toxic. The epitopes were connected using linkers and 50S ribosomal protein L7/L12 was used as an adjuvant and raised a multi‑epitope vaccine (MEV) that is 567 amino acids long. Molecular docking and simulation of the predicted 3D structure of the MEV with the toll‑like (TLR2, TLR3, and TLR4) receptors and major histocompatibility complex (MCH‑I and MCH‑II) indicate high interactions and stability of the complexes, MM‑GBSA free binding energy calculation revealed a favourable protein–protein complex. Maximum MEV expression was achieved with a CAI value of 0.98 through in silico cloning in the Drosophila melanogaster host. According to the immune simulation, IgG1, T‑helper cells, T‑cytotoxic cells, INF‑γ, and IL‑2 were predicted to be significantly elevated. These robust computational analyses demonstrated that the proposed MEV is effective in preventing CCHFV infections. However, it is still necessary to conduct both in vitro and in vivo experiments to validate the potential of the vaccine
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    Increased mucous cell population and modulation of Bax/Bcl-2 factors characterize in vivo gastroprotective activity of Cissampelos owariensis in rats
    (European Journal of Anatomy, 2024) Olatomide D. Oluwasegun
    The physiological integrity of the gastric muco sa is dependent on the balance between the mu cosal protective and aggressive factors. Medicinal plants or their derivatives generally exhibit gas troprotective effect by promoting the protective factors against the aggressive factors of the gastric mucosa. The study was conducted to elucidate the gastroprotective mechanism of the methanol ex tract of C. owariensis (MECo) in rats. Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups, which include control groups A and B – given distilled water – and treated groups C and D – animals giv en 100 and 300 mg/kg MECo respectively for 28 days. After the treatment period, gastric mucosal injury was induced for groups B-D by pyloric li gation method. The gastric tissue of animals was collected, processed for histology (haematoxylin and eosin technique), histochemistry (periodic acid-schiff technique) and immunohistochemical staining (for Bcl-2 & Bax proteins). The results of the gastric histomorphology showed prominent and widespread mucosal erosion in positive con Corresponding author: Dr. Dayo Rotimi Omotoso. Department of Human Anatomy, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Nigeria. Phone: +2348034779886. E-mail: dayohmts@ gmail.com trol group B compared to normal control group A, while treated groups C and D showed only mild or focal mucosal erosion. Furthermore, the his tochemical results showed significant increase in mucous cell population in treated groups C and D compared to positive control group B. The immu nostaining results showed significant up-regula tion of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein and down-reg ulation of pro-apoptotic Bax protein in the treated groups C and D compared to the control groups A and B. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that the increased mucous cell popula tion and modulation of apoptotic signaling high lights the mechanism of gastroprotective activity of MECo.
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    Nephropathic Changes in Renal Parenchyma of Wistar Rats Following Sub-chronic Exposure to Methanol Extract of Caladium bicolor (Aiton)
    (Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology, 2020) Olatomide D. Oluwasegun
    To assess nephropathic potential of Caladium bicolor methanolic extract within the renal parenchyma of experimental Wistar rats. Twenty four albino Wistar rats (weighing between 180-195 g) were divided into four groups which include Group I treated with distilled water (2 ml/kg bw), Group II treated with methanolic extract of C. bicolor (100 ml/kg bw), Group III treated with methanolic extract of C. bicolor (200 ml/kg bw), Group IV treated with methanolic extract of C. bicolor (300 ml/kg bw). All administrations were done orally and once daily for a period of thirty five days. Body weight of animals was recorded during days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 of study. After the study period, kidney tissue of study animals was harvested, weighed and processed for histopatho logical study. Staining of renal tissue sections was done using H & E technique, examined under microscope for observable histopathological changes that were scored using image-J software. Results of this study showed that sub-chronic exposure to methanolic extract of C. bicolor caused reduction in body and renal tissue weight. Moreover, exposure to the extract increases significantly (p < 0.05) renal histopatho logical changes including inflammation, necrosis, glomerular congestion and tubular dilatation within the renal parenchyma of study animals. Therefore, methanol extract of C. bicolor exhibited dose-independent nephropathic effect on the renal parenchyma following a sub-chronic exposure in experimental Wistar rats.
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    Nephroprotective Effect of Cissampelos owariensis Extract on Renal Histomorphology of Wistar Rats during Exposure to Carbon Tetrachloride- induced Nephropathy
    (Asian Journal of Biology, 2019) Olatomide D. Oluwasegun
    To assess nephroprotective potency of methanolic extract of C. owariensis on renal histomorphology of Wistar rats during exposure to nephropathic activity of CCl4. Twenty eight (28) albino Wistar rats divided into four groups which include normal control group administered with vehicles-distilled water (1 ml/kg bw) and olive oil (3 ml/kg bw), experimental control group administered with CCl4 (3 ml/kg bw) twice a week, first treatment group administered with CCl4 (3 ml/kg bw) twice a week+ methanolic extract of C. owariensis (100 mg/kg bw) daily and second treatment group administered with CCl4 (3 ml/kg bw) twice a week+ methanolic extract of C. owariensis (300 mg/kg bw) daily for twenty eight (28) days. Phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract of C. owariensis was carried out using GC-MS. The body weight of study animals was measure at days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 of study. Then, kidney tissue of study animals was collected, weighed and processed for histopathological study. Tissue sections were stained using H & E, examined under microscope, photomicrographs were generated and observable histopathological changes were quantified using image-J software. Phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract of C. owariensis showed abundance of phenolic compounds which may in turn confer antioxidant property on the extract. Results of this study also showed that treatment with extract helped to reduce body and tissue weight loss that follows exposure to CCl4. Also, treatment with the extract helped to reduce significantly (p < 0.05) renal histopathological changes following exposure to CCl4. The methanolic extract of C. owariensis contains abundant phenolic compounds which confer antioxidant property that in turn mediate the nephroprotective potency of the extract against nephropathic effect of CCl4.
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    Novel Technique for Extraction of the Hippocampus of Adult Male Wistar Rats
    (Journal of Anatomical Sciences, 2021) Olatomide D. Oluwasegun
    The hippocampus is one of the most widely studied areas in the brain because of its remarkable neuronal cell plasticity, functional role in memory processing and learning, and its involvement in some neurodegenerative diseases. Despite being one of the most studied areas in the brain, it is not easily accessible in experimental animals' such as mice and rats. Techniques available for dissection are capital intensive and may not be possible in low income countries. This study described a novel technique for the extraction of the hippocampus. Three apparently healthy adult Wistar rats were used for this study. They were euthanized under anaesthetic condition with ketamine (75 mg/kg). Afterwards they were perfused with formosaline, the skull opened, and the brain harvested. A midline incision was made and the halves of the brain were separated. The medial surface of the halved cerebral hemisphere was faced upward then the cerebrum was dissected and the hippocampus neatly and manually harvested, weighed, grossly observed and histologically processed. Morphologically, the hippocampus is banana-shaped in the Wistar rat, while histologically it revealed normal cytoarchitectural arrangement. Using the manual extraction method, the hippocampus was isolated without distortion, indicating that hippocampus sample can be prepared. Hence, this convenient and accurate dissection technique can be used for histologic, histochemical, immunohistochemical and histopathological study of the hippocampus, especially in low income countries