Browsing by Author "ONAIWU TOLA OHIENGBOMWAN"

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    Assessment of Leucocytes and CD4+ T-cells in HIVSeronegativeTuberculosis Patients
    (2018) ONAIWU TOLA OHIENGBOMWAN
    Background: Tuberculosis is a major global health problem associated with large mortality. The burden of tuberculosis is particularly high for the African region, mainly due to the high prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection. While several studies have focused on the immunological responses of human host to HIV seropositive tuberculosis infection, this study aims to determine the immunological responses (CD4+ and leucocyte cell counts) of human host to HIV seronegative tuberculosis infection. Methods: The study used a cross-sectional study design for population that consisted of 100studysubjectswho presented with HIV seronegative tuberculosis infection at diagnosis as well as 40 apparently healthy volunteers who were HIV and tuberculosis negative as control in Central Hospital, Benin City. Results: The result indicated a statistically significant CD4+ lymphocytopaenia, leucocytosis, neutrophilia and monocytosis. Lymphocyte count was not statistically significant despite lymphocytopaenia observedin28%of the study subjects. It was observed that 25 (96.2%) of leucocytosis, 19 (100%) of neutrophilia, 26(92.9%)of lymphocytopaenia and 26 (92.9%) of monocytosis were patients having CD4+ lymphocytopaenia. The feminine gender had the highest prevalence rate of CD4+ lymphocytopaenia, leucocytosis, neutrophilia, lymphocytopaenia and monocytosis. Furthermore, disease severity, age and gender seemed to play important role in determining the cellular immunity of tuberculosis patients. Conclusion: CD4+ lymphocytopaenia, leucocytosis, neutrophilia and monocytosis were statistically significant in the study. Interestingly, females appear to be more prone to having CD4+ lymphocytopaenia, leucocytosis, neutrophilia, lymphocytopaenia and monocytosis while these conditions could be occurring in ascending order of age groups.
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    Asymptomatic Malaria among Blood Donors in Benin City Nigeria
    (2014) ONAIWU TOLA OHIENGBOMWAN
    Background: This study aimed at determining the prevalence and associated risk factors for asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia and anemia among blood donors in a private medical laboratory in Benin City, Nigeria. Methods: Venous blood was collected from a total of 247 blood donors. Malaria status, ABO, Rhesus blood groups and hemoglobin concentration of all participants were determined using standard methods. Results: The prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infection was higher among commercial blood donors than volunteer group (commercial vs. volunteer donor: 27.5 %vs. 13.8%; OR = 2.373, 95% CI = 0.793, 7.107, P = 0.174). Asymptomatic malaria was not significantly affected by gender (P = 0.733), age (P = 0.581), ABO (P= 0.433) and rhesus blood groups (P =0.806) of blood donors. Age was observed to significantly (P = 0.015) affect malaria parasite density with donors within the age group of 21-26 years having the highest risk. The prevalence of anemia was significantly higher among commercial donors (commercial vs. volunteer donors: 23.4% vs. 3.4%: OR = 8.551, 95% CI = 1.135, 64.437, P = 0.013) and donors of blood group O type (P =< 0.0001). Conclusions: Asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia and anemia was higher among commercial donors than voluntary donors. Mandatory screening of blood donors for malaria parasite is advocated to curb transfusion transmitted malaria and associated sequelae.
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    Detection and prevalence of HBsAg and HBV DNA among visiting patients attending health facilities in Nigeria
    (2023) ONAIWU TOLA OHIENGBOMWAN
    Hyper-endemicity of the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has for long been retained in parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria with a prevalence rate above 8%. Despite the implementation of vaccination programs, factors such as inadequate diagnostic protocols, the prevalence of occult infections, and population group-specific susceptibility to infection remain overlooked in control strategies. This study, therefore, aims at investigating the prevalence of hepatitis B viral infection, the presence of mutant strains, and establishing a link between age, blood parameters and susceptibility to infection. A total of 451 blood samples from participants aged 1–50 years were tested for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV DNA using rapid diagnostic testing and PCR molecular-based assay. Age, blood group and hemoglobin (Hb) genotype were used to evaluate associated risk of infection. Statistical analysis was done using Python3. A prevalence of 5.8% and 18.2% were recorded using rapid diagnostic testing and PCR molecular-based assay respectively. Correlation between age and, HBV DNA and HBsAg positivity gave a p-value of 1.672. Error rates of 4.4% and 16.9% were recorded for false positives and false negatives respectively, with a rapid test kit sensitivity of 7.32% and specificity of 94.58%. Blood group O rhesus D positive (O⁺) showed a statistically significant higher risk of infection (P < 0.001, odd ratio (OR) = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.23–0.63) compared to non-O blood types. Age groups 21- 30 years and 31–40 years, both showed high relative risk and odd ratios. The low sensitivity found for the available RDT kits negatively influenced the ability to screen for Hepatitis B strains, hence, the high rate of false negatives. The Hb genotype may also play some role or have some association with the viral infection. This study highlights areas to specifically look into in implementing HBV eradication strategies.
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    Gene mutation patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and associated factors among suspected multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients in Osun State, South-West, Nigeria
    (Elsevier, 2023) ONAIWU TOLA OHIENGBOMWAN
    Tuberculosis (TB) drug resistance has become a substantial public health threat, posing a significant challenge to global TB control. Nigeria is one of the eight countries contributing two-thirds of the global TB cases in 2020, with a high rate of MDR/RR-TB. This study was designed to determine MDR-TB prevalence among suspected drug-resistant TB patients, MTBC mutation patterns, and the associated factors of MDR-TB in Osun State. We obtained fresh sputum samples from eligible participants who tested positive for rifampicin resistance on GeneXpert assay for analysis using the MTBDRplus LPA. SPSS version 23 was used for statistical analysis, significance was set at p<0.05. We recorded a prevalence of 58.6 %, 37.1 %, and 2.9 % for MDR-TB, rifampicin and isoniazid mono-resistance. Majority of the MDR-TB cases were males (56.1 %), below 40 years (80.5 %), low-level education (75.6 %), unemployed (75 %), and low-income earners (64.1 %). ‘Previous TB treatment’ had a statistically significant effect on MDR-TB (P<0.001, OR=65.46). Other factors that showed a strong odds ratio but were not statistically significant included: age (OR=2.52, P = 0.09), diabetes (OR=1.99, P = 0.25), smoking history (OR=1.51, P = 0.43) and hypertension (OR=1.34, P = 0.63). There were 67 and 46 reactions of the wild-type and mutant bands for rpoB gene, eight wild-type and five mutant bands for katG gene, and six wild-type and 24 mutant bands for inhA gene. WT8/MUT3 (64.2 %), WT/MUT1 (61.5 %), and MUT1 (80 %) were predominant for rpoB, katG, and inhA genes, respectively, with the occurrence of D516V rpoB gene mutation for the first time in Osun State. There is a need for the reinforcement of the current TB care system, empowerment and monitoring of TB-caregivers for adequate and effective follow-up of TB patients, and more citizens awareness, especially regarding TB/MDR-TB treatments. This is expected to improve the management of MDR-TB patients and mitigate the development and spread of MDR-TB in the community.
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    Haemoglobin Genotype, ABO/Rhesus Blood Groups and Malaria among Students Presenting to a Private University Health Centre inNigeria
    (2019) ONAIWU TOLA OHIENGBOMWAN
    Background: Malaria has remained a major issue of public health concern. Protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium are the causative agents of malaria and an infected Anopheles mosquito transmits the parasite. Hb genotype and ABO blood groups have been implicated as part of the host innate features that may confer protection against the infection. Methods: This study was a retrospective study which involved the use of laboratory data of students who reported for malaria test in 2017/2018 with the corresponding Hb genotype and ABO/Rhesus blood groups identified. Results: A total of 2294 subjects participated in the study comprising 1039 (45.3%) males and 1255 (54.7%) females. From the study, 921 (40.1%) subjects were malaria positive giving a prevalence of 40.1% among the participants. Blood group O(60.5%) had the highest distribution followed by group B (19.9%), A (17.5%) and AB (2.1%). This same pattern of distribution was repeated for malaria positive and negative participants. The ABO/Rhesus blood group revealed the following pattern of distribution for malaria positive subjects: O Rh+ > B Rh+ >A Rh+>O Rh->A Rh- >AB Rh- > B Rh- > AB Rh+ {58.3%, 17.9%, 16.5%, 2.8%, 2.1%, 0.9%, 0.8%and 0.8%} and O Rh+>B Rh+ > A Rh+ > O Rh- > AB Rh+ >A Rh- > B Rh- > AB Rh- {56.7%, 20.5%, 16.2%, 3.4%, 2.1%, 0.7%, 0.3%and 0.2%} for malaria negative subjects. Meanwhile, 2127 (94.7%) were Rhesus positive while122(5.3%)were Rhesus negative, out of the 921 malaria positive subjects, 861 (93.5%) were Rhesus positivewhile60(6.5%) were Rhesus negative. HbAA (66.7%) had the highest distribution among the study participants followed by HbAS (23.8%), HbSS (4.8%), HbAC (2.9%), HbSC (1.8%) and HbCC (0.04%), this was the same pattern observed among malaria positive and negative subjects. Conclusion: The high prevalence of malaria in this study is a pointer to the high level of endemicity and asymptomatic nature of malaria in this part of the world.
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    Hepatitis B Surface Antigen and Viral DNA Detection and Prevalence in Nigeria
    (2020) ONAIWU TOLA OHIENGBOMWAN
    Hepatitis B infection is a major public health issue with a high mortality rate. It is caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV), a small incomplete hepadnavirus with several open reading frames (ORF). High mutation rates of the HBV ORFs due to the virus’ replicating strategy are associated with the development and emergence of mutant strains, which may result in occult infections that are undetectable by conventional diagnostic assays. In this study, we first investigated the presence and prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV DNA among 204 patients visiting the specialist hospital in Osogbo, Nigeria, by using the Acumen diagnostic test strip kit and PCR amplification of the surface antigen gene. Then, we compared the positive results detected by both assays. The mean age of the participants was 30.5 years. Twenty-two (10.78%) cases were positive in the HBsAg test, and 69 (33.82%) cases were positive for HBV DNA. Fifty-four false-negatives (26.47%) and four false-positives (1.96%) were detected by HBsAg. The rapid diagnostic test kit is less sensitivity and has lower detection capability compared with the PCR-based assay, which indicates the presence of mutant HBV strain(s). The results of this work demonstrate that HBsAg is endemic in Nigeria and that HBV DNA is highly prevalent among the population. Our findings highlight the need for immediate action to prevent the further spread of infection.