Browsing by Author "Arogundade, Tolulope"

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    Ascorbic Acid Ameliorates Behavioural Deficits and Neuropathological Alterations in Rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
    (Elsevier, 2017-02-06) Arogundade, Tolulope
    Exploring the links between neural pathobiology and behavioural deficits in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and investigating substances with known therapeutic advantages over subcellular mechanisms underlying these dysfunctions could advance the development of potent therapeutic molecules for AD treatment. Here we investigated the efficacy of ascorbic acid (AA) in reversing aluminium chloride (AlCl3)-induced behavioural deficits and neurotoxic cascades within prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus of rats. A group of rats administered oral AlCl3 (100 mg/kg) daily for 15 days showed degenerative changes characterized by significant weight loss, reduced exploratory/working memory, frontal-dependent motor deficits, cognitive decline, memory dysfunction and anxiety during behavioural assessments compared to control. Subsequent analysis showed that oxidative impairment-indicated by depleted superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxidation (related to glutathione-S-transferase activity), cholinergic deficits seen by increased neural acetylcholinesterase (AChE) expression and elevated lactate dehydrogenase underlie behavioural alterations. Furthermore, evidences of proteolysis were seen by reduced Nissl profiles in neuronal axons and dendrites which correspond to apoptotic changes observed in H&E staining of PFC and hippocampal sections. Interestingly, AA (100 mg/kg daily for 15 days) significantly attenuated behavioural deficits in rats through inhibition of molecular and cellular stressor proteins activated by AlCl3. Our results showed that the primary mechanisms underlying AA therapeutic advantages relates closely with its abilities to scavenge free radicals, prevent membrane lipid peroxidation, modulate neuronal bioenergetics, act as AChE inhibitor and through its anti-proteolytic properties. These findings suggest that supplementing endogenous AA capacity through its pharmacological intake may inhibit progression of AD-related neurodegenerative processes and behavioural alterations.
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    Behavioural Cellular and Neurochemical Alterations in Rat Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus Exposed to Tigernut (Cyperus Esculentus) Treatment
    (Journal of Environmental Toxicology and Public Health, 2018-12-18) Arogundade, Tolulope
    Investigating substances of plant origin for therapeutic advantages over subcellular mechanisms underlying a number of physiological dysfunctions could foster the development of potent therapeutic strategies for the treatment of these dysfunctions. We explored the effects of Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus) consumption on neurochemical, behavioural and cellular parameters in prefrontal and hippocampal regions of rat brain. Twenty-four (24) adult male Wistar rats with an average weight of 180g±10g were randomly split into 4 (A-D) groups (n=6); Groups A – C received 10mg/kg, 20mg/kg, and 30mg/kg bodyweight of Tigernut extract respectively for 14days, while Group D served as the control receiving distilled water. Animals were sacrificed 24hours after the last day of administration. Behavioural assessment of the cortico-hippocampal neural circuitry in Tigernut–treated rats showed increased memory function compared to control, evidenced by an increase in correct spontaneous alternation in the Tigernut-treated groups. Neural malondialdehyde (MDA) levels was significantly reduced in treated rats in order of increasing dose, while the concentrations of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly increased. These observations hinted at the antioxidant properties of Tigernut. Subsequent analysis of the total antioxidant capacity in animals revealed elevated antioxidant levels significantly in the 10mg/kg and 20mg/kg groups. Furthermore, the microarchitecture of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus appeared normal and well-structured. Our results show that Tigernut has neurotherapeutic and antioxidant properties at moderate doses and can therefore, be used to augment the endogenous production of antioxidants in the different brain regions
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    Dose-Dependent Effect of Black Mustard Seeds (Brassica Nigra) Extract on the Prefrontal Cortex of Adult Wistar Rats
    (Turkish Society of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy (TSACA), 2017-09-02) Arogundade, Tolulope
    Objectives: Mustard seeds, apart from being a culinary essential, have had medicinal applications dating back to the time of Hippocrates. It has in fact been once mentioned as the greatest herb ever. We explored the dose dependent effects of the crude aqueous extract of Brassica nigra (Black mustard seeds) on the prefrontal cortex of adult Wistar rats. Methods: 20 adult female rats weighing an average of 180±20 g were used. They were split into 4 groups (n=5); Group A (received extract at 200 mg/kg body weight), Group B (received extract at 100 mg/kg body weight), Group C (received extract at 50 mg/kg body weight), and Group D (received distilled water ad libitum). All of the animals were subjected to the Y-maze spontaneous alternation test for neurobehavioural analyses following 28-day administration of the extracts. Animals were sacrificed 24 hours after taking the last day of administration. Results: Our results showed that neurobehavioural analyses are significantly hampered in animals receiving 200 mg/kg extract in comparison to the control group. In treatment groups, increased dose of extract elevated the level of MDA, but reduced the level of SOD. LDH levels were also significantly increased in the 200 mg/kg treated group when comparing with the control. General microarchitecture in the prefrontal cortex of 200 mg/kg Brassica nigra treated group showed signs of karyolysis and pyknosis. Conclusion: Brassica nigra (black mustard) is not innocuous and therefore it should be consumed in moderation
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    Inhibitory Potentials of Cymbopogon citratus Oil against Aluminium-induced Behavioral Deficits and Neuropathology in Rats
    (Anatomy & Cell Biology, 2020-05-25) Arogundade, Tolulope
    Cymbopogon citratus is a tropical phytomedicinal plant that is widely known for its hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anxiolytic, sedative, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we have examined the neuroprotective effects of the essential oil (ESO) of Cymbopogon citratus, following aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced neurotoxicity within the cerebellum of Wistar rats. A total of 40 adult male Wistar rats were assigned into five groups and treated orally as follows: A–phosphate-buffered saline (1 ml daily for 15 days); B–ESO (50 mg/kg daily for 15 days); C–AlCl3 (100 mg/kg daily for 15 days); D–AlCl3 then ESO (100 mg/kg AlCl3 daily for 15 days followed by 50 mg/kg ESO daily for subsequent 15 days); E–ESO then AlCl3 (50 mg/kg ESO daily for 15 days followed by 100 mg/kg AlCl3 daily for following 15 days). To address our questions, we observed the locomotion and exploratory behavior of the rats in the open field apparatus and subsequently evaluated cerebellar oxidative redox parameters, neural bioenergetics, acetylcholinesterase levels, transferrin receptor protein, and total protein profiles by biochemical assays. Furthermore, we investigated cerebellar histomorphology and Nissl profile by H&E and Cresyl violet Nissl staining procedures. ESO treatment markedly attenuated deficits in exploratory activities and rearing behavior following AlCl3 toxicity, indicating its anxiolytic potentials. Additionally, AlCl3 evoked increase in malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels, as well as repressed cerebellar catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase profiles were normalised to baseline levels by ESO treatment. Treatment with ESO, ergo, exhibits substantial neuroprotective and modulatory potentials in response to AlCl3 toxicity.
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    Moringa Regimen Corrects Nicotine-induced Deficits in Behaviour, Altered Energy Metabolism and Neurotransmitter Processing in Rat Brain
    (Journal of Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, 2019-01) Arogundade, Tolulope
    Background: Nicotine is the addictive component of tobacco smoking. It has been reported to have a negative neuromodulatory role in the CNS. Moringa oleifera is a medicinal plant with reported antioxidant, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Aim and Objectives: This study was purposed to investigate the neuronal adaptation potentials of Moringa Oleifera (MO) on nicotine-induced behavioural decline and perturbed bioenergetics. Material and Methods: Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats were used. The treatment regimen was as follows; control group received distilled water, MO group received 200 mg/kg of MO, Nicotine Group received 1.38 mg/kg body weight of nicotine, and Nicotine + MO group received combined treatment of 200 mg/kg body weight of MO after 1.38 mg/kg body weight of nicotine for 28 days. The animals were subjected to Morris water maze for spatial memory, Ymaze for working memory and elevated-plus maze tests for anxiety levels after which they were sacrificed for spectrophotometric analysis of global protein expression, neural bioenergetics (lactate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase), and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels. Results: Nicotine infusion caused a reduction in the escape latency period, increased the percentage incorrect alternation, and elevated the anxiety levels of rats. These observations were indicative of decreased synaptic activity in the brain. Together with, nicotine induced chromatolytic changes in cells of the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Co-administration with MO prevented nicotine-associated memory decline, perturbed glucose bioenergetics, induced chromatolysis and histomorphological distortion in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that MO administration enhances experience-dependent neuroplasticity and cognitive behaviour function in laboratory animals, modulates energy metabolism and reduced oxidant stress possibly through enhanced production of key antioxidant enzymes against the damaging effects of nicotine. It provided evidence that MO can be further developed as a means to protect the brain from oxidative stress-induced injury
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    Rat Cerebellar Microanatomy and Neural Oxidative Redox Differentially Affected by Black Mustard Seeds Extract
    (Journal of Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, 2018-10) Arogundade, Tolulope
    Background: Structural and functional alterations in cortical anatomy by environmental stressors are associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders. Many of these changes are supposed to fore start disease onset and result from environmental exposures. It was previously demonstrated that black mustard extract had a significant impact on the structural and functional integrity of the prefrontal cortex in our previous study. Aim and Objectives: To report effects of the aqueous extract of Brassica nigra (BN) black mustard seeds on the cerebellum of adult Wistar rats at varying doses. Materials and Methods: Twenty adult female rats weighing an average of 180 ± 20g were used. They were split into 4 groups (n = 5) and received administration orally; Group A (received extract at 200 mg/kg body weight), Group B (received extract at 100 mg/kg body weight), Group C (received extract at 50 mg/kg body weight), and Group D (received distilled water ad libitum). Rats from the experimental groups (A-D) were sacrificed 24 hours after the last day of administration which took 28 days, and cerebellar tissues were subjected to routine histochemical and biochemical analyses. Results: Spectrophotometric analyses of glutathione enzymes (GPx, GSH, GST) revealed that BN exerted an inverse dose-related comparative reduction in their neural activities in rats. Cytoarchitectural disposition of neural cells and evaluated Nissl bodies confirmed that BN at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg dose initiated cell death within cerebellar sections of rat brains. Neurons in this brain region showed early signs of apoptosis, hallmarked by intercellular fragmentation, cytoplasmic shrinkage/ condensation and degradation of nuclear materials. Conclusion: Our results suggest that BN is not totally innocuous and thus, should be consumed in moderation.