Faculty of Social Sciences

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Assessing the Influence of Self-Esteem and Emotional Intelligence on Psychopathological Symptoms among Trainee Christian Clerics
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2022-06) Akpunne, Bede
This study was carried out to observe the link between self-esteem, emotional intelligence (EQ) and psychopathology. A cross-sectional survey research de sign was adopted for the study. Purposive sampling techniques led to the se lection of 466 participants from Redeemed Christian College of Missions, Ede, Osun State and Redeemed Christian Bible College, Mowe Ogun State, Nigeria. The participants responded to Christian Ministers Psychopathologi cal Scale (CMPS), the Self Esteem Questionnaire (SEQ), and Schutte Self Re port Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT). The domains of self-esteem had a joint significant predictive influence on psychopathological symptoms among the participants [F (6, 465) = 6.142, p = .000]. Emotional intelligence (EQ) scores significantly predicted levels of psychopathological symptoms among the participants [F (6, 465) = 8.552, p = .004]. Self-esteem and emotional in telligence jointly and significantly predicted psychopathological symptoms among trainee ministers [F (6, 465) = 11.263, p = .000]. Further analysis showed that self-esteem has an independent predictive influence on psycho pathological symptoms (β = .183, p = .000). The authors recommend that pastors should pay attention to their mental health. Christian organisations need to create awareness of the benefits of healthy self-esteem and emotional intelligence among both intending and serving ministers to prevent triggers of psychopathologies.
Associations between Exposure to Domestic Violence, Depression and Cyberbullying among Secondary School Adolescents
(European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 2020-07) Akpunne, Bede
Literatures on high prevalence of domestic violence are well documented. There is however paucity of research on exposure to domestic violence relates to cyber bullying behavior among Nigerian adolescents. The focus of this study was to determine the correlation between Exposure to Domestic Violence (EDV), depression and cyber bullying behavior among secondary school adolescents. A total of 300 purposively selected secondary school adolescents in Oshodi Isolo, Lagos metropolis Nigeria responded to Child Exposure to Domestic Violence Scale (CEDV), Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC) and Online Victimization Scale for Adolescents (OVSA). Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Data was analyzed using the descriptive (frequency count) and Inferential statistics (Pearson moment correlation analysis). A high prevalence of EDV, depression and involvement of cyber bullying was reported. Patterns of the factors of cyberbullying ranged from 26.7% individual online racial discrimination to 37% vicarious online racial discrimination. EDV significantly positively related to depression and involvement in cyber bullying. Significant gender influence was observed on depressing and cyber bullying. Age categories significantly influenced cyber bullying. Authors conclude that a high prevalence of depression and involvement in cyber bullying exists among secondary school adolescents. EDV is a significant positive correlate of depression and cyber bullying. There is gender difference on depression and cyber bullying. Age categories influence cyber bullying among the adolescents.
Burden of Care, Social Support and Psycho-Pathological Symptoms among Caregivers of Children with Psychological Disorders
(International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Research, 2020-02) Akpunne, Bede
The 2016 WHO statistics show that the African region still bore the highest burden of care reporting 587 Disability Adjustable Life Years (DALYs) per 1000 population. The burden of caring for individuals with mental illness is high globally, more so when there is no commensurate social support for the caregivers. There is a crevice of literature from Nigerian studies on the link between burden of care, social support and psychopathological symptoms. This study observed the influence of burden of care and social support on psychopathological symptoms among caregivers of children living with psychological disorders using Yaba Neuropsychiatric hospital Lagos Nigeria. A total of 309 participants (mean age = 41.2 years) were purposively selected during clinic appointment days and responded to Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), Multidimensional Scale of Social Support (MSPSS) and Awaritefe Psychological Index (API Form X). Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The result revealed that Burden of care and social support were significant joint predictors of Insomnia (R²=.058, p= .000),intellect disorder (R²=.020, p= . 048), heat disorder (R²=.028, p= . 017), mood disorder (R²=.148, p= . 000), head region disorder (R²=.103, p= .000), general somatic disorder (R²=.051, p= . 000) and general psychopathology (R²=.115, p= . 000). Burden of care and social support had significant independent predictions on insomnia, mood disorder, general somatic disorder and general psychopathology while only burden of care significantly predicted heat disorder, and head region disorder among the caregivers.
Challenges of African Traditional Healing System: Implication for the Development of Indigenous Psychotherapy
(International Journal for Psychotherapy in Africa, 2018) Akpunne, Bede
Traditional medicine is the sum total of knowledge, skills and practices based on the theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures that are used to maintain health, as well as to prevent, diagnose, improve or treat physical and mental illnesses. This paper explores the challenges of African traditional healing system and the implications for the development of indigenous psychotherapy. Previous studies show that about 80% of the population in Asian, African and some developed countries depend on traditional medicine for primary health care. Rate of acceptability, use, confidence in and efficacy of traditional healing system is increasing in Nigeria. Some indigenous traditional healing methods include herbalism, therapeutic dieting, and hydrotherapy and spirituality (divination). Notable challenges include international diversity, national policy and regulation, perceived safety, effectiveness and quality, knowledge and sustainability, patient safety and use. This study recommends that more research be carried out on African traditional healing, that the religious and metaphysical elements be separated from the physical matter, commitment of more resources to test and promote the use of safe and efficacious traditional medicines, practicing traditional healers should adhere to standardized norms and qualifications. There is need for speedy passing of the traditional health practitioners’ bill.
Classroom Size as a Predictor of Bullying Behaviour among Secondary School Adolescents in Nigeria
(Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 2019) Akpunne, Bede
Aim: This study was carried out to investigate the patterns of bullying behaviour among Nigerian secondary school adolescents and to ascertain the link between classroom size and bullying in selected Senior Secondary Schools in Ogun State, Southwestern Nigeria. Study Design: Cross-sectional survey design. Place of Study: Redeemer’s University Osun State, South Western Nigeria. Methodology: Multistage sampling technique was adopted in this study. Random sampling technique was used to select Obafemi / Owode Local Government Area (LGA) from Ogun central senatorial district, four Senior Secondary Schools (SSS) from the LGA and 397 students. Participants responded to School Congestion Questionnaire (SCQ) and Adolescent Peer Relation Instrument: Bully/Target (APRI-BT). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in data analysis Results: Observed prevalence rates included verbal bullying (42.5%), social bullying (42.3%), physical bullying (37.9%) and overall bullying behaviour (44.8%). Class Size (CS) independently and significantly predicted the severities of verbal bullying (R² = .029, p = .001); social bullying (R² = .055, p = .000); physical bullying (R² = .042, p = .000) and overall bullying behaviour (R² = .042, p = .000) among the sample. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of bullying behaviour among Nigerian secondary school adolescents. Classroom size is a significant predictor of the individual factors of bullying behaviour (verbal bullying, social bullying, and physical bullying) as well as the composite of bullying behaviour among Senior Secondary School students in Nigeria.
Comparative Analysis of Meseron Therapy and Harmony Restoration Therapy
(Journal of Behavioural Studies, 2019) Akpunne, Bede
Psychotherapy has been proven effective for the management of psychological disturbances. Indigenous psychotherapies, with which a client can identify, are often more effective than foreign ones. African perspectives of psychotherapy are scanty. This is a comparative analysis of two psychotherapies of Nigerian origin which are Awaritefe’s Meseron and Ebigbo’s Harmony Restoration Therapies. ‘Meseron,’ an Urhobo (Nigerian) word denoting “I reject it” stresses the synergy of thoughts, words and actions. Meseron therapy (MT) is rooted in the Nigerian belief in the power of spoken words, its potency meanings and consequences; culminating in rejecting the negatives and accepting the positives. It aims at removing undesirable conditions, changing concept and values, exploring resources, self-growth, insight, emotional reorganization and change of habits. Harmony Restoration Therapy (HRT) is based on the Igbo (Nigerian) cultural belief that to be in good health, one must be in harmony with one’s environment. HRT believes that the world is cosmocentric and tripartite consisting of the endocosmos, the mesocosmos and the exocosmos, which represent the various relationships an individual entertains and his/her level of harmony or disharmony. A comparative appraisal of MT and HRT shows that despite having several similarities, major differences abound in their theories of human nature, aetiology of psychopathology, psychotherapeutic orientation, therapeutic techniques and emphasis on the locus of control. This study recommends that further studies on the subject matter as well as the use of these psychotherapies among Africans should be imbibed in Clinical Psychology practice
Comparison between Cognitive Behaviour, Rational Emotive Behaviour and Meseron Therapies
(International Journal for Psychotherapy in Africa, 2018) Akpunne, Bede
Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy [REBT], Cognitive Behaviour Therapy [CBT] and Meseron Therapy are three uniquely and very effective cognitive therapies used in clinical psychology practice. It is essential to clearly spell out the difference in the therapies as some psychologists in the past have experienced difficulty differentiating them. Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy [REBT] was developed by Albert Ellis [1962] based on the rationale that irrational thinking is the root cause of psychological disturbances. Cognitive behaviour therapy [CBT] by Aaron Beck [1976], posits that how individuals view situations may result in psychological disturbances while Meseron Therapy by Alfred Awaritefe [1995] postulates that psychological disturbances arise as a result of faulty speaking as seen in the distortion of our appraisal mechanism, acquiescing to negativity and incongruence of striving and goals. This paper attempts to further explain each therapy in detail.
Demographic Determinants of Public Perceptions of Mental Illness in Heterogeneous Communities of Lagos State, Nigeria
(Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 2015-01-25) Akpunne, Bede
Social responses to mental illness depend on factors such as the type of disorder, impact on social function, and cultural concepts and presumptions about the illness. Attitudes toward mental illness are different among families, ethnic groups, individuals, cultures, and countries and are often influenced by the cultural and religious teachings. There is a dearth of research on public perceptions of mental illness in heterogeneous Nigerian communities. A cross sectional design was used. 210 adults randomly selected from six heterogeneous communities responded to perception of mental illness test (PerMIT) (acceptable reliability coefficient (Cronbach Alpha of .74). There was no Observed significant difference in gender, age, educational background, and occupation. Significant difference was however observed in religion. The prevailing culture and misguided societal conclusions which stigmatize mental illness has overbearing influence on peoples’ perception and attitude towards mental illness. Educational interventions and public enlightenment campaigns that debunk misconceptions about mental illness as well as encourage contact with affected persons could play a role in reducing stigma among Nigerians.
Development and Validation of Christian Ministers Psychopathological Scale (CMPS)
(Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science, 2022) Akpunne, Bede
This paper describes the development and validation of a Christian Ministers Psychopathological Scale (CMPS) to facilitate early diagnosis of mental health challenges among Christian Ministers, especially in Nigeria. The study adopted a cross-sectional design and was carried out in four stages. The initial items were generated from an extensive review of literature and concerns raised from a focused group discussion among Christian ministers with Pentecostal affiliation. These concerns are perceived as possible predictors of mental health challenges among the ministers. Fifty-two (52) participants were randomly selected from Ede, Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria for the scale development, while four hundred and fifty-six (456) participants were randomly selected across the six geo-political zones in Nigeria. They responded to the online versions of the 15- item instrument (CMPS) and Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-14) for the congruent validation. The observed KMO measure was 0.47, and a significant sphericity test was observed (X2=1258.495, df= .703, p = .000). All the 15 items extracted from the Principal Components Analysis PCA were within the very good discrimination values. The CMPS has a Cronbach's alpha of .79. Congruent validity coefficient of (r =.368, p = .035); was observed between CMPS and DASS-14. Authors conclude that the CMPS is gender-sensitive, has acceptable psychometric properties and is recommended as a diagnostic tool for assessing psychopathological symptoms among Christian ministers.
Development and Validation of Redeemer’s University Depression Scale (RUDS)
(Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. In Press, 2022) Akpunne, Bede
Background: Despite the high prevalence reported in the literature, there is a paucity of indigenous diagnostic tools to assess depression severities among the Nigerian population. Objectives: This study aimed to develop and validate a depression scale entitled Redeemer’s University Depression Scale (RUDS). Methods: This research had four stages. The first stage involved the initial generation of 32 items based on a literature search. In the second stage, the items were reduced to 21 using content validity/expert assessments. In the third stage, the 21-item RUDS was administered to 86 University undergraduates and refined through an exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Also, the Kaiser-Meyer Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity (BTS) measured the factorability. At the fourth stage, 456 undergraduates responded to the 19-item RUDS, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Results: The observed KMO measure was .88, and a significant sphericity test was observed (χ 2 = 1133.647, df = 210, P = 0.000). The principal component analysis (PCA) extracted four components from items whose eigenvalues exceeded 1. Nineteen of the 21 items loaded best in the first component, two in the second component, and one on the third and fourth components. The screen plot analysis retained one component (depressive symptoms). Item-total correlation further showed that the values of two items in the first component fell below the very good discrimination and were deleted from the scale. The RUDS had a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.91, concurrent validity of r = 0.787, P = 0.000. Also, r = 0.521 and P = 0.000 were observed between RUDS and CES-D, and between RUDS and GHQ-12, respectively. Conclusions: The RUDS is gender-sensitive, has acceptable psychometric properties, and is recommended as a diagnostic tool for assessing depression in adolescents and adults.
Domestic Violence Influence on Psychological Distress among Institutionalized Adolescents
(International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences, 2017) Akpunne, Bede
This study examined domestic violence influence on psychological distress among inmates of correctional facilities in Lagos. A total of 300 remand adolescents made up of 150 males and 150 females were purposively selected and responded to Child Exposure to Domestic Violence Scale (CEDV), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and Frequency of Delinquent Behaviour Scaling Instrument (FDBSI). Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).Descriptive statistics (frequency count and percentages) were used to describe participants’ demographic characteristics, while inferential statistics (t-test of independent variables, ONE WAY Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson Moment Correlation Analysis and simple linear regression analysis) were used to test the hypotheses. Prevalence of antisocial behaviour ranged from 73% (disruptive behaviour) to 97% (general anti-social behaviour). Prevalence of psychopathology was 58.7%. A significant positive correlation between domestic violence and the level of psychopathology was reported by the participants. Domestic violence independently predicted anti-social behaviour among the sample. Gender has significant influence on anti-social behaviour. Females reported higher mean scores than their male counterparts in vandalism, theft, truancy, disruptive behaviour, general anti-social behaviour and psychological distress. Family size significantly influenced psychological distress. No significant family size influence was observed on antisocial behaviour of the sample. A significant influence of domestic violence on the psychological health of adolescents was established. Author considered the prevalence of psychopathology and antisocial behaviour among the participants as abnormally high. Home visit and family therapy, proper implementation of child right policies, rehabilitation programmes for inmates and further studies are recommended.
Duration and Frequency of Social Networking as Predictors of Pathological Symptoms among University Undergraduates, Nigeria
(The International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies, 2018) Akpunne, Bede
As a sort of psychopathology, social media addiction affects a large number of people across the globe. Although it is widely debated in medical and related literature, there is a dearth of literature on duration and frequency of social networking and psychopathological symptoms among Nigerian youth. Undergraduates (N= 300) purposively drawn from two Nigerian universities responded to Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS) and Frequency of Social Networking Usage Questionnaire (FSNUQ). Reported prevalence of pathological social networking was 16.3%. Observed pathological social networking symptoms are salience (22.3%), tolerance (15.7%), mood modification (15.7%), relapse (14.7%), withdrawal (16.3%) and conflict (15.0%). Duration of Social Networking (DSN) is positively related with salience, tolerance, mood modification, relapse, withdrawal, and conflict. DSN and Frequency of Social Networking (FSN) both have significant relative and composite predictive influence on salience, tolerance, mood modification, relapse, withdrawal and conflict.
Emotional Exhaustion in Ministry as Predictor of Sexual Attitudes of Nigerian Christian Clergy
(Archives of Current Research International, 2019) Akpunne, Bede
The study aimed to examine Emotional Exhaustion (EE) of the minister as predictor of the Christian clergy sexual attitudes in an era of “#ChurchToo” crusade and sexual crisis facing the church globally yet, there are not sufficient empirical data on the Christian clergy regarding dynamics that are responsible for permissive sexual attitudes and behaviours. Five hundred and sixty-two (562) Christian clergy (410 male, 152 female), mean age 34.7± 0.1 were purposively selected from Protestant, Pentecostal and White garment churches in south-western Nigeria who responded to Emotional Exhaustion in Ministry (SEEM) and Brief Sexual Attitudes Scale (BSAS). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analyses. The observed prevalence of high burnout was 14.0%. Emotional exhaustion in ministry significantly predicted Birth control (sexual responsibility) Birth control (sexual responsibility) (Sexual responsibility) attitude, communion attitude, instrumentality attitude and permissiveness attitude. There were statistically significant sex differences in the mean (± SD) scores of Birth control (sexual responsibility) attitude, Communion attitude and permissiveness attitude. Male and female clergy had similar mean (± SD) score on instrumentality. Findings demonstrate that emotional exhaustion in ministry is strongly linked with several dimensions of sexual attitudes in unique ways, and that gender deference in sexual attitude exists among the clerics
Influence of Family Status and Relationships on Social Phobia among Young Adults in Nigerian Universities
(Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 2015-01-15) Akpunne, Bede
Not very much literature offers a clear review of the influence or relationship of different levels of family status on social phobia among the sufferers. It is opined that there is little doubt that people with social phobia have fewer social relationships than other people because they have been shown to have fewer friends, fewer dating and sexual relationships, and to be less likely to marry than people in the general population or even patients with other anxiety disorders. Social phobia is a debilitating psychiatric condition that is treatable but often remains undetected and untreated and without treatment, clients are at risk for complications, such as reduced quality of life, social interactions, daily functioning, and treatment adherence. This study seeks to fill the gap by investigating the influence of family and relationship status on social phobia among young adults in Nigerian universities. 400 students were surveyed from 5 universities in southwest Nigeria, two of which are private universities and the other three are public ones. The Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) was used to collect data for the study. Findings showed adolescents from divorced homes experience significantly higher social phobia than both adolescents from monogamous and polygamous homes. Findings also show a significant difference in the social phobia of adolescents who were in a relationship and the adolescents who were not. Findings may be useful in further understanding the nature of social phobia among young adults and determining possible clinical intervention in schools.
Infrastructural Facilities as Predictors of Students’ University Life Adjustment and Mental Health Status
(International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research, 2018) Akpunne, Bede
This study examined the influence of infrastructural facilities on university life adjustment and mental health status of undergraduates in a Nigerian University. 203 participants made up of 96 males and 107 females were purposively selected and responded to School Infrastructure Questionnaire (SIQ), University Adjustment Scale (UAS), and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. 48% of the sample were well adjusted, 40.1% were moderately adjusted while 11.4% reported maladjustment. There was a 51.5% prevalence of poor mental health among the sample. No observed significant gender difference on University Life Adjustment (ULA); statistically significant gender influence was observed on poor mental health status with males reporting a higher mean score respondents [t (203) = 3.153, P < 0.05]. Conditions of school infrastructural facilities significantly predicted ULA [F (1, 203) = 13.33, P<0.05, 𝑅 2= .062,] as well as mental health status of the participants [F (1, 203) = 6.68, P<0.05, 𝑅 2= .032]. There is a high prevalence of poor mental health and maladjustment among the sample. More research efforts on the influence of school climate on the mental health of members of university communities should be carried out.
Internet Addiction, Problematic Smartphone Use and Psychological Health of Nigerian University Undergraduates
(2018) Akpunne, Bede
Aim: This study examined Internet Addiction (IA) and Problematic Smartphone Use (PSU) as predictors of severities of anxiety, depression and psychological distress among university undergraduates in Nigeria. Study Design: Exploratory /Descriptive survey design. Place and Duration of Study: Redeemer’s University Nigeria, between April and August 2018. Methodology: A total of 854 university undergraduates made up of 342 males and 512 females, mean age 20.5 years, were purposively selected from four universities in Osun state, southwestern Nigeria. Internet Addiction Test (IAT), Smartphone Addiction Scale – Short Version (SAS-SV), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) were used for data collection. Results: Observed prevalence of studied variables among respondents are: Internet Addiction (IA) 48.6%, Problematic Smartphone Use (PSU) (47.4%), anxiety disorder (50.6%), depression (49.8%) and psychological distress (47.6%). IA independently and significantly predicted severities of anxiety disorder (R² = .01, p = .025), depression (R² = .057, p = .000) and psychological distress (R² = .105, p = .000). PSU independently and significantly predicted severities of depression (R² = .073, p = .000) and psychological distress (R² = .094, p = .000). However PSU failed to significantly predict severity of anxiety disorder (R² = .00, p = .650) among the participants. Conclusion: High prevalence of IA, PSU, anxiety disorder, depression and psychological distress exist among the participants. IA is a significant independent predictor of anxiety, depression and psychological distress. PSU is a significant independent predictor of depression and psychological distress but is not a significant predictor anxiety disorder among Nigerian undergraduates
An Investigation of Associations and Incidence of Anxiety, Depression, Perceived Vulnerability to Diseases, and Fear of COVID-19 Among Nigerian Health Care Workers
(Achieves of pediatric infectious diseases, 2021-07-03) Akpunne, Bede
Background: Health care workers (HCWs) are the frontline of coping COVID-19 pandemic, which indicates the importance of improvingtheir mental wellness to better cope with the situation. Objectives: The current study aimed to firstly assess the severity of anxiety and depression and perceived vulnerability to diseases, and secondly to investigate their association with the fear of COVID-19 among Nigerian HCWs. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, a purposefully selected sample of 413 HCWs from two tertiary healthcare institutions in Benin City, Edo State, South-South Nigeria, responded to the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Scale. Data was collected between October 2020 and February 2021. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize socio-demographic variables, while inferential statistics (t-test for independent samples, one-way ANOVA, and linear regression) were used to test hypotheses. Results: A high prevalence of anxiety, depression, and perceived vulnerability to diseases (PVD)was observed. Perceived infectability ( = 0.244, P = 0.000), germ aversion ( = 0.166, P = 0.000), and composite PVD ( = 0.96, P = 0.000) were identified as independent and significant predictors of fear of COVID-19, accounting for 7.5; 3.3, and 9.9% variance in the severities of Fear of COVID-19, respectively. Anxiety and depression showed a significant joint prediction of Fear of COVID-19 severity, accounting for a 4.0% variance in the severity. Fear of COVID-19 was not found to be influenced by sex or job type differences among the HCWs. Conclusions: This study demonstrated a high incidence of anxiety, depression, and perceived vulnerability to COVID-19 among Nigerian HCWs. These reported symptoms of psychopathology are also strong independent and joint predictors of fear of COVID-19.
Knowledge of COVID-19 and Preventive Measures on Self-Medication Practices among Nigerian Undergraduates
(Cogent Arts & Humanities, 2022) Akpunne, Bede
Self-medication has been identified as a prevalent practice in Nigeria as it provides a ready low-cost alternative in low-income countries. The current study aims to assess the influence of knowledge of and experience of COVID-19 symptoms on self-medication behaviour in a cross-section of Nigerian undergraduates. Three hundred fifty-six university undergraduates across 31 Nigerian universities was conducted during the COVID-19 outbreak between May and August 2020 to observe the prevalence of knowledge and experience of COVID-19 symptoms, the frequency and type of medications utilised for self-medication and the influence of socio-demographic variables, specifically gender, on self-medication in undergrad uates. The mean age of respondents was 20.34 years. A majority (90.4%) of the sample recognised breathing difficulties as a symptom of COVID-19 symptoms. Self medication was noted among respondents, with a prevalence of 65.4%. Paracetamol was the most commonly used drug for self-medication for perceived COVID-19 symptoms. Knowledge of COVID-19 symptoms did not significantly predict self-medication {F(1, 352) = 1.277, p < .005; however, the experience of COVID-19 symptoms significantly predicted self-medication {F(1, 352) = 51.305, p > .005 in the sample. Self-medication practice did not differ significantly between male and female undergraduates. Prevalence of self-medication is high in the present cohort, and continuous awareness and sensitisation about the risks of self medication will be of immense benefit to the health status of young adults.
Marital Satisfaction and Job Commitment of Nigerian Nurses: Implications for Family Value System
(Asian Journal of Research in Nursing and Health, 2019) Akpunne, Bede
Aim: Work and family domains are interdependent. Job commitment is very important for both employees and employers. The study aims to examine the implications of marital satisfaction and job commitment to the Nigerian family value system. Study Design: Cross-sectional survey design. Place and Duration of Study: Redeemer’s University Osun State, South-West Nigeria. Methodology: A total of 259 nurses (50 males and 209 females) purposively selected from two general hospitals in Osun State Nigeria responded to Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMSS) and Organisational Commitment Scale (OCS). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in data analysis. Results: Age was observed to have a significant inverse relationship with job commitment and identification. Length of marriage has a significant inverse relationship with job identification. Marital satisfaction (R² =.073, p=.005), age (R² = .022, p= .015), and length of marriage (R² = .001, p =.035) were found to significantly predict job commitment. Also job status had significant influence on identification (t (256) = 2.35, p=019) and job commitment (t (257) = 2.49. p=.014). Conclusion: Authors concluded that age is inversely related to job commitment as well as job identification, that marital satisfaction, age, and length of marriage are significant independent predictors of job commitment among nurses. For positive job commitment appreciation of family value systems and employees, marital satisfaction should be among employers’ top priority. Organisational policies that promote work-life balance should be encouraged especially in healthcare institutions
Meseron Therapy and Christian Counselling: A Synergy
(Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 2020) Akpunne, Bede
Christian Counselling (CC) is the practice of talking with individuals, couples, and families to increase their understanding of emotional and religious conflicts and to help resolve problems using Christian religious injunctions and other related resources. Meseron Therapy (MT) was developed in accordance with the Nigerian belief in the power, potency and meaning of spoken words and its consequences. MT entails rejecting negativities and accepting the positives, with the techniques of MT reflecting a cognitive orientation. MT and CC approaches have several common grounds. The basic assumptions of MT such as the power of the spoken words to sensitize action, the ignition of man’s inherent potential for change, replacement of a negative status quo with constructive actions and the view of man as a striving creature all have Biblical support. Also, MT’s views on human nature and the causes of psychological disturbance agree with Christian teachings and beliefs. Application of Meseron therapeutic techniques and procedures to CC can be done by using Biblical teachings to enable clients sustain good health, encouraging the good use of endowments, assisting client in mental restructuring through motivation to strive, building and encouraging possibility thinking, enabling the clients to reject distractions from goal accomplishments and getting clients to say it right and synergize their thoughts, words and actions.

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