See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384897716 Social Implications of Human Killings for Money Ritual among the Yoruba People of Southwestern Nigeria Article  in  Tropical Journal of Arts and Humanities · January 2024 DOI: 10.47524/tjah.v6i2.20 CITATIONS 0 READS 266 1 author: Olusegun Peter Oke University of Ibadan 39 PUBLICATIONS   30 CITATIONS    SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Olusegun Peter Oke on 14 October 2024. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384897716_Social_Implications_of_Human_Killings_for_Money_Ritual_among_the_Yoruba_People_of_Southwestern_Nigeria?enrichId=rgreq-ac7613018229893fbccd3d439ac1ddfe-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM4NDg5NzcxNjtBUzoxMTQzMTI4MTI4MzY4MzU4NEAxNzI4OTE0MDA5NTQ1&el=1_x_2&_esc=publicationCoverPdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384897716_Social_Implications_of_Human_Killings_for_Money_Ritual_among_the_Yoruba_People_of_Southwestern_Nigeria?enrichId=rgreq-ac7613018229893fbccd3d439ac1ddfe-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM4NDg5NzcxNjtBUzoxMTQzMTI4MTI4MzY4MzU4NEAxNzI4OTE0MDA5NTQ1&el=1_x_3&_esc=publicationCoverPdf https://www.researchgate.net/?enrichId=rgreq-ac7613018229893fbccd3d439ac1ddfe-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM4NDg5NzcxNjtBUzoxMTQzMTI4MTI4MzY4MzU4NEAxNzI4OTE0MDA5NTQ1&el=1_x_1&_esc=publicationCoverPdf https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Olusegun-Oke?enrichId=rgreq-ac7613018229893fbccd3d439ac1ddfe-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM4NDg5NzcxNjtBUzoxMTQzMTI4MTI4MzY4MzU4NEAxNzI4OTE0MDA5NTQ1&el=1_x_4&_esc=publicationCoverPdf https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Olusegun-Oke?enrichId=rgreq-ac7613018229893fbccd3d439ac1ddfe-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM4NDg5NzcxNjtBUzoxMTQzMTI4MTI4MzY4MzU4NEAxNzI4OTE0MDA5NTQ1&el=1_x_5&_esc=publicationCoverPdf https://www.researchgate.net/institution/University_of_Ibadan?enrichId=rgreq-ac7613018229893fbccd3d439ac1ddfe-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM4NDg5NzcxNjtBUzoxMTQzMTI4MTI4MzY4MzU4NEAxNzI4OTE0MDA5NTQ1&el=1_x_6&_esc=publicationCoverPdf https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Olusegun-Oke?enrichId=rgreq-ac7613018229893fbccd3d439ac1ddfe-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM4NDg5NzcxNjtBUzoxMTQzMTI4MTI4MzY4MzU4NEAxNzI4OTE0MDA5NTQ1&el=1_x_7&_esc=publicationCoverPdf https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Olusegun-Oke?enrichId=rgreq-ac7613018229893fbccd3d439ac1ddfe-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM4NDg5NzcxNjtBUzoxMTQzMTI4MTI4MzY4MzU4NEAxNzI4OTE0MDA5NTQ1&el=1_x_10&_esc=publicationCoverPdf Tropical Journal of Arts and Humanities, Volume 6, Number 2, 2024 Tropical Journal of Arts and Humanities, 6(2), 19 - 32, 2024 ISSN: 2645-2537 (Online) https://credence-publishing.com DOI: http://doi.org/10.47524/tjah.v6i2.20 Social Implications of Human Killings for Money Ritual among the Yoruba People of Southwestern Nigeria O e g Pe e O e , PhD Department of Religious Studies, University of Ibadan, Ibadan E-mail: okeolusegun25@gmail.com Abstract Human killing for money ritual in Nigeria, particularly in the southwest region, has become a source of general concern. The highly valued virtues of hard work, honesty and dignity of labour have been sacrificed on the altar of materialism and the Get-Rich-Quick syndrome by the money ritualists. Their belief that wealth accumulation is more important regardless of the repercussions of such activities have negatively impacted the country's already fragile security situation. Over time, this menace has sparked a flurry of discussions among stakeholders on security issues related to development. Previous studies on the subject of money ritual induced human killing and its effects in southwest Nigeria has mostly been examined from a number of perspectives. Some scholars studied the problem from a security viewpoint, while others viewed it from the perspectives of poverty, greed, unemployment and loss of morals without paying adequate attention to its social implications. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine the social implications of money ritual induced human killing. Youths and middle-aged men and women from Yoruba communities were interviewed using qualitative and unstructured questions. The findings showed that the causes of human killing for money ritual includ greed, inordinate ambition, peer pressure, social media influence, poor parenting, loss of societal value systems, government insensitivity to the plight of the people, unemployment, corruption, and similar issues. The study recommends that both parents and government should make good efforts to reorient the youths as they also improve on security architectire. Keywords: Motivated Human Killing, Money Ritual, Social Implications, Yoruba people, Southwestern Nigeria Introduction Since the dawn of time, there has always been a desire to acquire wealth in human history. However, the worrisome quest for quick wealth in modern-day Nigeria has led to the practice of using human parts or life to for money ritials, leading to abductions, mysterious disappearance of people and the murder of helpless and misguided individuals. 1 . Nigerian newspapers and magazines are the primary sources of information on social issues like these. The ritual of motivated human slaughter for financial gain entails the death of people and 1 . O.E. Otu and L.C.Edomumyi (2020). Is Unemployment the root cause of insecurity in Nigeria:International Journal of Social Inquiry. Vol.13, Issue.2 the use of their body parts for money 2 . In Nigeria, the practice of motivated human killing for financial gain has grown to become a serious security concern 3 , and some persons view the phenomenon through the lenses of unemployment, greed, and poverty 4 . 2 .S. H .Abdulrauf, et.al. (2019). The Growing Phenonmenon of money ritual -Motivated Killings in nNigeria. An Empirical Investigation into the factors responsible. KURDISTAN.Research Articles. 3 .O.O.Ajaegbu (2012) Rising Youth Unemoployment and Violent Crime in Nigeria. American Journal of Issues and Humanities. Vol.2(25). 4 . A.H.Ekpo and D.A. Omoweh (2001). Political Eco omy of Af ica Sec i y.” I Beyo d Co f ic Resolution: Managing African Security in the 21at Century. (Ed.) Akindele, R.A. and Ate, E. Lagos: Nigerian Institute of International Affairs (NIIA). 19 mailto:okeolusegun25@gmail.com O e g Pe e O e : Social Implications of Human Killings for Money Ritual among the Yoruba People of Southwestern Nigeria Tropical Journal of Arts and Humanities, Volume 6, Number 2, 2024 The nation's print and electronic media are constantly flooded with reports of people being killed for financial gain throughout Nigeria, which has negatively impacted the country's reputation abroad. It appears that the government and its agencies are powerless to address this threat. 5 . The Yoruba people of southwest Nigeria have the highly prized traditional value of earning money by diligence, devotion and honesty. 6 Back then, there was the saying that hard work is the antidote to poverty. There was no place for indolence, thus these qualities were highly valued. However, because of poverty, unemployment, a loss of morality, and the inability of those in positions of power to provide for their citizens' basic needs, a large number of young, vibrant people have turned to killing innocent persons to make money as a quick alternative to working hard and investing money. 7 Thus, among the majority of young people who ought to be better educated and more civilized, the practice of killing people for money ritual has become the norm. 8 . The country's citizens are now in danger because of this criminal activity, which appears to have no age or geographic boundaries 5 . E. Usman. (2017). Why is killing for rituals are on the increase in Nigeria? https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/09/killings- rituals-increase-nigeria/#google_vignette. Assessed 12/3/2024 6 . A.O. Akinmayowa (2018). Historical Trajectory of Ki ola mi baa le dara( That my future may be bright): A Philosophy of Engagement in Formal Education. Universal Journal of Educational Research. Vol.6(6). 7 . O. Atubi & A. OnamrewhoFavour.(2022). Value Education: A Remedy to Reducing Insecurities and Promoting Sustainable Development in Nigeria.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357 970181_VALUE_EDUCATION_A_REMEDY_TO_ REDUCING_INSECURITIES_AND_PROMOTING _SUSTAINABLE_DEVELOPMENT_IN_NIGERIA 8 M.D. Enaikele, T.A. Adeleke &R.A.Adeoye (2022) Get-Rich-Quick syndrome and the incidence of Human Rituals among South west Nigerian Youth: A Sociological Analysis of Associated Factors. KIU Journal of Humanities. Vol.7, Issue.3. because both the young and the old are both perpetrators and victims alike according to information gathered from some of the survivours of these head hunters. 9 Rituals are the reason behind people being kidnapped without consequence, not political goals or money. 10 . The country's socioeconomic trend and the desire for material possessions have caused a rise in the number of young people turning to fetish behaviours as a way to cope with social pressures. 11 . Because the majority of Nigerians are impoverished, they frequently struggle to pay for needs like clothing, food, and shelter. Consequently, the act of motivated human killing for money rituals has evolved into a means to escape the cycle of poverty by young people. 12 Human sacrifice for riches poses a threat to national security. 13 . In many African nations, it is also practiced as a means of achieving and retaining power. 14 . For example, Igwe believes that those who kill people for money rituals do so in order 9 . A.Hanafi (2022) Greedy Youths in search of quick fortune resort to monwy ritual, send victims to early grave. https://punchng.com/greedy-youths-in-search- of-quick-fortune-resort-to-money-rituals-send- victims-to-early-grave/#google_vignette 10 . S.Oyewole (2016). Kidnapping for Rituals: Articles of Faith and Insecurity in Nigeria. Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies. Vol.9, No.9. 11 .J.A.Adefila a d S.M. Opeo a (1998) “ S pe a a and herbal weapons in 19 th Century Yoruba Wa fa e,” i W a d Peace i Yo ba a d. 1793- 1893. Ed. Adeagbo Akinjogbin. Ibadan. Heinemann Educational Books. 12 K.S. Ikechi et.al.(2017) Analysis of Drivers of incidences of Poverty in Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development .Vol.8, No.4. 13 . Afwnzia Fides (2017). AFRICA/GHANA: Ritual Ki i g a e a h ea o Na ioa Sec i y” de o ce by Bishops.Agenzia Fides: Information Service of the Ponticial Mission Societies. 14 . OBC Nwo i e(2012). “ Spi i a i y Dime io oif H ma a d Na ioa Sec i y.” A Fac y Lec e, Faculty of Social Sciences., University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. 20 https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/09/killings-rituals-increase-nigeria/#google_vignette https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/09/killings-rituals-increase-nigeria/#google_vignette O e g Pe e O e : Social Implications of Human Killings for Money Ritual among the Yoruba People of Southwestern Nigeria Tropical Journal of Arts and Humanities, Volume 6, Number 2, 2024 to gain favour, get connections, make fortune, and have protection. Based on his research, he came to the conclusion that young people in particular are motivated to participate in money rituals by their need for quick money, fame, and protection. 15 . In Yoruba society, it has become commonplace in recent years to see murder cases in which victims have had portions of their body such as pubic hairs, heads, flesh, fingers, intestine, liver, heart, eyes, lips, breasts, and tongue harvested, and their blood drained for ritualistic purposes. 16 . The 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (as amended), which states that "every person has a right to life, and no one shall be deprived intentionally of his life, save in execution of the sentence of a court in respect of a criminal offence of which he has been found guilty in Nigeria," enshrines the criminal aspect of killing people for money ritual.” 17 One of the main gaps in the Yoruba ritual discourse about the killing of humans for money is the lack of studies on ritual as a process and a product.. Understanding Motivated Human Rityal Killing Motivated killing of humans for money ritual involves severing the body parts of victimss for the purpose of using them for ritual sacrifice towards to acquie money, favour, fame, power and protection 18 . It involves a series of patterns or procedures 15 . L.Igwe (2004). Ritual Killing, Pseudoscience and Occultism in Nigeria. Tract. Ibadan: Nigerian Humanist Monitor. 16 M.D. Enaikele, T.A. Adeleke &R.A.Adeoye (2022) Get-Rich-Quick syndrome and the incidence of Human Rituals among South west Nigerian Youth: A Sociological Analysis of Associated Factors. KIU Journal of Humanities. Vol.7, Issue.3. 17 The 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria as amended. 18 S.Oyewole (2016). Kidnapping for Rituals: Articles of Faith and Insecurity in Nigeria. Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies. Vol.9, No.9. and directions for carrying out religious deeds. Ritual killing is a violent and extreme kind of criminal activity in which the perpetrators kill their victims, dismember their bodies or remove vital organs for ritual purposes 19 . This is different from the sacrifice that involves giving up something valuable in order to obtain something more valuable and precious in exchange. In Africa, the idea behind sacrifice is giving of materials and animals to God and other spiritual beings to appease them. Such sacrifice is usually offered when the life of an individual is in danger or when there is need for fruitfulness or success. The lives of one or more persons coud be destroyed in the belief that this will save the lives of many other people 20 . Among the Yoruba people of Southwest Nigeria, three types of sacrifices are prominent, namely, the one for thanksgiving, appeasement or atonement which an individual, family or a community offers to supernatural being(s). The second type of sacrifice is the type offered by the community to ward off or avert impending calamity in the community. The third is the sacrifice of vengeance which is done to punish or attack someone who had earlier attacked a person 21 . Motivated killing of humans for money ritual thrives now more than ever before because contemporary Nigerian society honours, idolises and hails the 19 Nigeria: Prevalence of ritual murder and human sacrifice and reaction by government authorities. (March 2000-July 2005) Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 20 O.P.Oke (2018). Ethics of Self Sacrifice as an antidote to political Corruption in the Contemporary Nigeria. In Sacrifice in Reigous Traditions. Essays in honour of Ven. Prof. J. OmosadeAwolalu. (Eds.) Deji Ayegboyin and Adekunle Dada. 21 A.M.Babatope (2018) Sacrifice in Religious Tradition and its Contemporary Significance. . In Sacrifice in Reigous Traditions. Essays in honour of Ven. Prof. J. OmosadeAwolalu. (Eds.) Deji Ayegboyin and Adekunle Dada. 21 O e g Pe e O e : Social Implications of Human Killings for Money Ritual among the Yoruba People of Southwestern Nigeria Tropical Journal of Arts and Humanities, Volume 6, Number 2, 2024 wealthy ones not minding the source of their riches 22 . This indicates that the society indirectly encourages and promotes the act despite the fact that it involves the desecration of human life. This condemnable act is attributed to the growing sense of desperation to acquire wealth without labour. Few youths in Yoruba land find it more convenient to engage in killing of innocent people for money ritual since they no longer value the moral virtues of hardwork and dedication that could influence them to engage in productive legitimate activities that lead to wealth creation 23 . Current trends have also shown that killing for money ritual appear to derive impetus from certain Yoruba assertions that consequently promote this criminal act 24 such as the popular adage “Olowo layemo” (Only the rich are recognised by the people) and the Ki n satilowo (must just make money) mentality, as oppo ed o “Ole o rayewa” (A lazy man has no value in the society). The biting economic hardship and widespread poverty have beclouded their sense of reasoning of majority of the people who now rationalise the act of killing for ritual purposes 25 . 22 . T.Oguntola (2023) Harvesting body parts for wealth, fame: Nigerians Under Threat of Rising Ritual Killings. https://leadership.ng/harvesting- body-parts-for-wealth-fame-nigerians-under-threat- of-rising-ritual-killings/#google_vignette . Accessed on 6/4/2024. 23 S. H .Abdulrauf, et.al. (2019). The Growing Phenonmenon of money ritual -Motivated Killings in nNigeria. An Empirical Investigation into the factors responsible. KURDISTAN.Research Articles. 24 .E.Obadare ( 2022). Ritual killings in Nigeria reflect mounting Desperation for wealth and security amid creeping collapse of law and order.https://www.cfr.org/blog/ritual-killings-nigeria- reflect-mounting-desperation-wealth-and-security- amid-creeping. Accessed on 5/4/2024. 25 . M.Isiaka and N.I.Ayatullah (2018). Socio- Economic and Political Factors as Motivatio for Ritual Killings in Nigeria. Lapal International Journal of Management and Social Sciences (LISOMASS). Vol. 10 No.1&2. In the past, the rich and the wealthy in the society were usually grown-up men and women who had paid the price by being apprentices to their masters for many years before they also climb the ladder of success through hardwork, commitment, dedication and being focused 26 . The situation is different today as there are adolescents and youthss making desperate effort in anyway possible to make money. They begin to live large, driving expensive cars and throwing money around without any visible business that one can point to as the source of their wealth. 27 In actual fact, the dream of everyone in life is to be rich and influential and also see their wards doing well. But the problem, however, is how the wealth is acquired. Types of Rituals Money rituals take various forms is is why it is pertinent to examine the types of ritual that are prevalent in Yoruba society for the purpose of emphasis. Below are some of them. Osole (Ritual for wealth or success): Generally speaking, osole is the ritual performed when one thinks that things are not going on well and one needs money to fulfil financial obligations. There are many types of money rituals, but for the purpose of this study, it is broadly categorized into two: Oso Tutu and Oso Gbigbona (Cold Money Ritual and Hot Money Ritual) 28 . 26 . E. I. . Eke, A.S. Ichaba&OJ.Iyeumbe (2023). Quest for wealth and the upsurge in Ritual Killingsmong Nigerian Youths: A Policy and Morality Check. Internatiojal Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities.. Vol. 10 Issue.10. 27 . F.C. U o o (2022) “ Je emiah 17: 11 a d b ood mo ey i a amo g yo h i o he Nige ia” TheologiaViatorum 46(1), a162. 28 Types of Money Rituals( Awure, Osole, Oso Pombele, Oso Tutu. https://koko.ng/types-of-money- ritual-awure-osole/. Assessed 30/3/2024. 22 https://www.cfr.org/blog/ritual-killings-nigeria-reflect-mounting-desperation-wealth-and-security-amid-creeping https://www.cfr.org/blog/ritual-killings-nigeria-reflect-mounting-desperation-wealth-and-security-amid-creeping https://www.cfr.org/blog/ritual-killings-nigeria-reflect-mounting-desperation-wealth-and-security-amid-creeping https://koko.ng/types-of-money-ritual-awure-osole/ https://koko.ng/types-of-money-ritual-awure-osole/ O e g Pe e O e : Social Implications of Human Killings for Money Ritual among the Yoruba People of Southwestern Nigeria Tropical Journal of Arts and Humanities, Volume 6, Number 2, 2024 Osole Tutu or Awure (Cold Money Ritual): This is one of the money-making rituals that people get involved in. This type of ritual requires no human being or human blood. It is done to boost business. They usually make use of animals, feathers of bird, leaves and barks of trees. Those who have particular job at hand take part in this. It does not require any fear of the unknown in terms of mysterious or satanic demands. With this type, one could make fortunes, get help or good customers 29 . Osole Gbigbona (Hot Money Ritual): This is the more dangerous type of ritual that involves shedding of blood and use of human parts like breasts, fingers, head, intestine, liver, private parts, eyes, tongue, and the likes. This is very common in the recent time because of the belief that it is the quickest way of making money. This type of ritual is usually performed by poor people who are desperate to be wealthy, some young and elderly people who do not believe in working hard as an antidote to success in life, some rich people who want to maintain their status in society, and desperate politicians seeking positions and power. In most cases, the ritualists hypnotise their unsuspecting victim, magically bewitch them or induce them to fall into deep sleep 30 . This type of ritual involves the use of human beings for the preparation after some incantations have been made by the herbalists or the medicinemen as the case may be. It can also be by placing a calabash on the head of the victim in order to vomit money. It is generally believed that this type of ritual summons ghost or the spirit of 29 An interview conducted with ChiefFatosin, an herbalist and an African Traditional Religious worshipper. Age 35 on 17/2/2024. 30 Interview with Samuel Kayode Olaleye, a lecturer in African Traditional Religion, Culture and Medicine at the Department of Religious Studies, University of Ibadan. Age 57, on 23 of February, 2024. the victim and commands it to go to the bank or anywhere else to bring money. Certainly, there are repercussions for this kind of ritual. Such repercussions could be in form of sudden death, madness, hearing strange voice, deformity and the like esppeially when the instructions are not strictly followed 31 . Factors Responsible for the Killing of Humans for Money Ritual Poor Parenting: One of the factors responsible for the high spate of killing in many parts of Nigeria in recent time is poor parental up-bringing 32 . The core traditional values that sustained the morality of the African child and the society by extension are eroded as a result of parental faulure in terms of proper homeschooling. 33 The virtues of hard work, integrity and dedication to duty and contentment are going into extinction 34 . What is upheld now is wealth that has no genuine source. Parents have failed in in their functions in many homes today as they are no longer committed to guiding their wards. Their mjor concern is how to make ends meet at the detriment of child welfare and upbringing 35 . A traditional Yoruba proverb 31 C.Oluyemo (2022) Emergency use of Human Parts as Money Rituals for instant Riches: A Contradiction to Human Dignity and Cultural Fundamental Principles in South West, Nigeria. Journal of Innovative Sciences and Research Technology. Vol.7, Issue12. 32 E.W.Udoh (2015) Insecurity in Nigeria: Political, Religious and Cultural Implications. Journal of Philosophy, Culture and Religion. Vol.5. 33 F. O. Omosor and B. Kowhiroro (2023). Exegetical Interpretation of Proverbs 4 in the Context of Homeschooling among the Urhobo People of Delta State. KIU Journal of Social Sciences, 9(1), p. 166 34 S.S.Huzzain (2024) The Virtue of Hard Work: Uneveiling the Transformative Power and Rewards. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/virtue-hard-work- unveiling-transformative-power-rewards-hussain- ep52f. Assessed 21/2/2024. 35 M.A.Roland (2016) You cannot fail to parent at home and then expect me to perform miracle in the 23 https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/virtue-hard-work-unveiling-transformative-power-rewards-hussain-ep52f https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/virtue-hard-work-unveiling-transformative-power-rewards-hussain-ep52f https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/virtue-hard-work-unveiling-transformative-power-rewards-hussain-ep52f O e g Pe e O e : Social Implications of Human Killings for Money Ritual among the Yoruba People of Southwestern Nigeria Tropical Journal of Arts and Humanities, Volume 6, Number 2, 2024 says that Omo ta o ko, niyogbeile ta ko ta, meaning that a child you fail to train will eventually sell the house you laboured to build. Mothers who should be moral and ethical guides have turned the other way. The reason for this is not far-fetched; many of the young people who make money through killing for money ritual are celebrated and applauded by the people in the society 36 . Material possessions are glorified, while moral values are vilified and less talked about 37 . Whatever the young ones get involved in speaks volume of the family they come from 38 . The family values of love, respect, hard work, commitment and contentment that were cherished in the past have been eroded in the contemporary time, no credit to the influx of western culture and its attendant challenges 39 . There is a guiding principle recorded in Proverbs 22:6 which says: Train up a child in the way he should go, when he grows up, he will not depart classroom. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/you- cannot-fail-parent-home-expect-me-work-miracles- roland-m-ed-. Assessed 2/4/2024. 36 E.Obadare (2022) Ritual Killings in NigeriareflectMounting Desperation for Wealth and Security amid creeping Collapse of Law and Order. https://www.cfr.org/blog/ritual-killings-nigeria- reflect-mounting-desperation-wealth-and-security- amid-creeping 37 K.Ojewale (2023) Erosion of Moral Values: A Threat to Society. https://tribuneonlineng.com/erosion-of-moral-values- a-threat-to-society/. Assessed 17/3/2024. 38 F.V. Voorhis et.al (2013) The Impact of Family Involvement on the Education of Children Ages 3-8: A Focus on Literacy and Math Achievement Outcomes and Social Emotional Skills. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED545474.pdf. Retrieved on 21/3/2024. 39 L.I.Chineyemba (2023) Modernity and Changing Family Values in Nigeria: Implications for Effective Parenting. International Journal of Modern Anthropology. Vol.2, Issue, 19. See also F. O. Omosor (2020). Alienation of African Cultural Values and Knowledge System as Impediment to Development in Nigeria: A Case for Renaissance. The Nasara Journal of Humanities, Vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 281 – 291. form it. This is apposite to the Yoruba adage that says Atikekere lati pekan Iroko, to bad’agba tan eboniyo ma gba (To groom a child successfully, discipline has to start from a very young age). This explains the need for parents to teach their children good morals early in life. Government Insensitivity: Successive political administrations in the Nigeria are to blame for running a political system that is manned by uncaring and contemptuous politicians whose purpose and agenda is to perpetuate personal interest at the expense of the masses that constitute the majority 40 . The incessant cases of killing for money ritual is a fallout of systemic failure that has become endemic in our national life 41 . Previous governments had failed to provide basic necessities of life to citizens while they continue to enjoy luxuries and paraphernalia of office 42 . They display life of opulence, which may have influenced the young ones to aspire to live such pattern of life. The lackadaisical attitude of government to punish those involved in this heinous act also encourages them to continue in the act 43 . The high rate of poverty in the land is unimaginable. Government failure to provide good 40 O.Fagbadebo (2007) Corruption, Governance and Political Instability in Nigeria. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations. Vol.1(2). 41 I.E.Emeh (2023) Quest for Waelth and the Upsurge in Ritual Killings among Nigerian Youths: A Policy and Morality Check. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. Vol.10 Issue.10. 42 I.S.Ogundiya (2009) Political Corruption in Nigeria: Theoretical Perspectives and Some Explainations.https://www.researchgate.net/publicati on/228739799_Political_Corruption_in_Nigeria_The oretical_Perspectives_and_Some_Explanations. Assessed 10/2/2024. 43 F.Adegb (2010) Nige ia‟ (U ho y) Wed oc with Corruption: Can Death put them Asunder. Journal of International Social Research. Vol 3, Issue. 12. 24 https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/you-cannot-fail-parent-home-expect-me-work-miracles-roland-m-ed- https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/you-cannot-fail-parent-home-expect-me-work-miracles-roland-m-ed- https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/you-cannot-fail-parent-home-expect-me-work-miracles-roland-m-ed- https://tribuneonlineng.com/erosion-of-moral-values-a-threat-to-society/ https://tribuneonlineng.com/erosion-of-moral-values-a-threat-to-society/ https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED545474.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228739799_Political_Corruption_in_Nigeria_Theoretical_Perspectives_and_Some_Explanations https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228739799_Political_Corruption_in_Nigeria_Theoretical_Perspectives_and_Some_Explanations https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228739799_Political_Corruption_in_Nigeria_Theoretical_Perspectives_and_Some_Explanations O e g Pe e O e : Social Implications of Human Killings for Money Ritual among the Yoruba People of Southwestern Nigeria Tropical Journal of Arts and Humanities, Volume 6, Number 2, 2024 leadership and governance has led the youths to resort to internet fraud and ritual killing to get quick money 44 . When government is not sensitive to the yearnings of the people they represent, the resultant effect is the high rate of crime as it is presently being experienced in the country 45 . Without mincing words, government also gives enough space for criminalities to bloosom due to their lack of political- will to fight crime . A simple policy from government will permanently put a stop to ritual killing 46 . For instance, a public execution of perpetrators of this act will send signals ritualists and those planning to be involved in it to have a rethink of their action 47 . Poverty: Many of the youths arrested in connection with killings for money rituals attested to the fact that they were into the act in order not to die in poverty 48 .The use of humans for money ritual has gained much appeal over the decades. The national dailies are awash with tales of youths killing fellow youths and sometimes innocent children for 44 B.O.Okagbue (2012) Ethical Leadership and Good Governance in Nigeria Local Government: A Doctoral Dissertation, College of Social And Behavioural Sciences, Walden University. 45 O.P.Oke and E.O.John (2022) The Socio Econoic Implications of Ethno-Religious Conflict in Nigeria. Ibadan Journal of Educational Studies (IJES). Vol.19, No.1&2. 46 . X.Thusi et.al. (2023) Lack of Political will: A Barrier to Public Service Delivery in South Africa and a High cost for citizens. Journal of Studies in Social Sciences and Humanities. Vol.9, No.2. 47 . A. H.Ayokunmi (2022) The Alarming rise of Money Ritualamong youths in Nigeria. https:// pmnewsnigeria.com/2022/01/31/ the- alarming- raise- of- money- ritual-alamong the- youths- in- Nigeria .Assessed 14/3/2024. 48 I.E.Emeh (2023) Quest for Waelth and the Upsurge in Ritual Killings among Nigerian Youths: A Policy and Morality Check. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. Vol.10 Issue.10. money ritual 49 . The rise in poverty and lack of equal economic opportunities among families in Nigeria have accounted for this menace over the years, though this should not be an excuse . But the reality on ground is that most Nigerians especially the youth have no means of livelihood 50 . There are many graduates who have no gainful employment to support themselves. This worrisome situation has forced many youth to engage in rituals that will fetch them quick money 51 . Just as the saying goes that an idle hand is the devi ‟ wo hop. Preaching ethics to an hungry man is an effort in futility as he is ready to do anything including violence and ritual to make ends meet 52 . According to the 2022 Multidimensional Poverty Index Survey released by the National Bureau of Statistics, 63 percent of Nigerians, which account for 133 Million citizens are multidimentionally poor due to lack of access to health, education, good living standard, employment, job and security 53 . Greed: Murdering people for money ritual is also motivated by greed and the attendant desperation to make money. 54 . It is true that 49 I.E.Emeh (2023) Quest for Waelth and the Upsurge in Ritual Killings among Nigerian Youths: A Policy and Morality Check. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. Vol.10 Issue.10. 50 O.P.Oke and E.O.John (2022) The Socio Econoic Implications of Ethno-Religious Conflict in Nigeria. Ibadan Journal of Educational Studies (IJES). Vol.19, No.1&2. 51 . O.S.Pitan (2016) Towards Enhancing University Graduates Employability in Nigeria. Journal od Sociology and Social Anthropology. Vol.7(1). 52 .O.Olukunle (1986) Ethical Revolution: The Newest Craze in Town.Religion and Ethics in Nigeria.(Ed) S.O.Abogunrin.Ibadan. Daystar Press. 53 .O.Ojetunde (2022) What Does Multidimensional Poverty really means for 133 Million Nigerians. https://www.dataphyte.com/latest-reports/what-does- multidimensional-poverty-really-mean-for-133- million-nigerians/ 54 . S. Nnatu et.al (2018) Empirical Examination of the Effect of Dirty Money on Human Greed and 25 O e g Pe e O e : Social Implications of Human Killings for Money Ritual among the Yoruba People of Southwestern Nigeria Tropical Journal of Arts and Humanities, Volume 6, Number 2, 2024 not all money ritualists who kill do so because of poverty. There have been instances where wealthy people or their children live recklessly to show off their wealth and power. 55 . Many college students participate in the act of ritual killing for money to prove to their peers and colleagues that they have made it to the top. For ritual purposes, they murder their gullible girlfriends, friends, relatives, and neighbors. 56 . For instance, three teens recently admitted to killing and burning a little girl's head for the purpose of money- making ritual. Also. in the OkeAregba neighbourhood of Ogun State, a woman named Rofiat was strangled by her boyfriend with the help of three other persons. They acknowledged that they had read online about money making rituals. 57 . Unemployment: It is also appropriate to state unequivocally that the nation's high unemployment rate is a ticking time bomb waiting to explode. 58 In a nation where youths and young adults make up the majority of the population, unemployment poses a serious threat to national security. The dearth of employment prospects for the hordes of young people in the country has Moral Behaviour in a Sample of Nigerian University Students. African Psychologist: An International Journal of Psychology and Allied Professions. Vol.8 (1). 55 M.Isiaka and N.I.Ayatullah (2018). Socio- Economic and Political Factors as Motivatio for Ritual Killings in Nigeria. Lapal International Journal of Management and Social Sciences (LISOMASS). Vol. 10 No.1&2. 56 . K.Ani et.al.(2018) Sociological Assessment of vio e Fema e Ki i g a d „‟baby fac o ie ‟‟ i Nigeria. Journal of Gender, Information and Development in Africa. (JGIDA) Special Issue. 57 . F. Olowolagbaand N.Nseyen (2022) Blood Money: Nigerians worried as ritualists take over major cities.Am news. 58 .I.A.Chiazor et.al (2017) Unemployment in Nigeria: A Time Bomb waiting to explode: Issues, Diagnoses and the way forward. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal. Vol.4, No.2. exacerbated insecurity, which has resulted in many international corporations closing up their businesses and relocating to more stable and safer countries. 59 The alarming percentage of youth unemployment in the nation has left government unsure of the best way to respond to the problem. Over the years, numerous government initiatives to combat the menace have failed because of policy summersault 60 . A few years ago, funds intended to help young people without jobs were released; But most of them ended up in their personal accounts, leaving the majority to continue struggling for survival. 61 Some Cases of Killing of Humans for Money Ritual Instances of ritual killings for financial gain have become commonplace among young people in southwest Nigeria. While most of these heinous crimes are undetected, many are reported. For example, a suspected online fraudster in Edo State, was detained after he allegedly killed his partner Elohor Oniorosa for money ritual. 62 . In November 2022, Ike, also known as Oghenesu, a herbalist, and another „Yahoo boy‟ were 59 K Mela et.al (2019) The Efeects of Unemployment in Nigeria: Interface Between Youth Unemplyment and Social Vices. International Journal of Arts, Languages and Business Studies 9IJALBS) Vol.2, No.2. 60 R.O.Idehen (2021) Policy Summersault: A Recurring Nightmare in Developmental Process in Africa: The Case of Nigeria and Zimbabwe. Sptientia Foundation Journal of Education, Sciences and Gender Studies. Vol.3, No.2. 61 . The Proposed Palliative Cash Transfer robs the poor and pay the rich. We reject it. https://www.nlcng.org/the-proposed-palliative-cash- transfers-robs-the-poor-and-pays-the-rich-we-reject- it-nlc/Assessed13/3/2024. 62 A. Adedipe (2021) Ghana Returnee flees in Edo over the alledge killing of girlfriend. https://punchng.com/ghana-returnee-flees-in-edo- over-alleged-ritual-killing-of-girlfriend/. Assessed 24/3/2024. 26 https://www.nlcng.org/the-proposed-palliative-cash-transfers-robs-the-poor-and-pays-the-rich-we-reject-it-nlc/Assessed https://www.nlcng.org/the-proposed-palliative-cash-transfers-robs-the-poor-and-pays-the-rich-we-reject-it-nlc/Assessed https://www.nlcng.org/the-proposed-palliative-cash-transfers-robs-the-poor-and-pays-the-rich-we-reject-it-nlc/Assessed https://punchng.com/ghana-returnee-flees-in-edo-over-alleged-ritual-killing-of-girlfriend/ https://punchng.com/ghana-returnee-flees-in-edo-over-alleged-ritual-killing-of-girlfriend/ O e g Pe e O e : Social Implications of Human Killings for Money Ritual among the Yoruba People of Southwestern Nigeria Tropical Journal of Arts and Humanities, Volume 6, Number 2, 2024 also taken into custody. 63 At the herbalist's home in Obiaruku, in the Ukwuani Local Government Area of Delta State, the police found human parts. 64 . The Ogun State Police Command detained Taiwo Ajalogun, a 36- year-old herbalist, in January after he allegedly admitted to the horrific murder of a 26-year-old mother of two and two other people in the Ogun State neighborhood of Ijebu Ode. 65 . The Guardian Newspaper revealed on Monday, February 21, 2022, that Afeez Olalere, a 32-year-old fraudster, confessed to killing his own brother for money ritual after being arrested during a stop-and-search by the police along Itamaga-Ikorodu in Lagos State. He allegedly admitted during questioning that his mother urged him to kill his younger brother in order to get money and get out of the family's precarious condition. Olamide Odulaja also conspired with a 29-year-old native doctor, named Ifajuyi, to kill one Modupeola Folorunso and her 4- year-old son for money ritual at Ijebu Igbo before they were arrested by men of the Ogun State Police Command. Timothy Odeniyi, aged 35, was another man involved in a money ritual. He was reportedly arrested by men of the Amotekun Corps in Ondo State and allegedly confessed to harvesting human body parts from a burial ground for money ritual. 66 . Detectives from 63 .D Lambo (2022) Delta herbalist and ‘Yahoo boy’ caught with human parts. https://punchng.com/delta- herbalist-yahoo-boy-caught-with-human-parts/. Assessed on 11/3/2024. 64 . F.Ahon and O. Alchopha (2021) Police recovered human skull, body parts in Deilta bush. https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/03/police- recover-human-skull-body-parts-in-delta-bush/ 65 . F.Oyeweso (2023) Couple, 6 others kill 26 years old , sell parts for ritual s in Ogun statehttps://leadership.ng/couple-6-others-kill-26-yr- old-lady-sell-body-parts-for-rituals-in- ogun/#google_vignette. 66 A .Babajide (2022) Iwas promise N30 Million to harvest human parts for ritual. https://dailypost.ng/2022/01/31/i-was-promised- the Mapo Divisional Police Headquarters in Ibadan, Oyo State, detained 50-year-old Moruff Ganiyu after discovering a human head missing from the exhumed remains of a deceased woman. Two brothers, Monsuru Tajudeen and Lawal Tajudeen, aged 37 and 32 respectively, were detained in the Iwo area of Osun State for running a ritualist den where innocent victims were brutally killed and their body parts and organs were harvested for sale. 67 . One Favour, a 400- level student at Lagos State University, was allegedly killed, her body parts severed, by 45-year-old cleric Phillips Segun, the pastor of the Cherubim and Seraphim Church, Solution Chapel, Ikoyi-Ile, Osun State. Bola Adeeko, 49, and her 26-year-old son, Owolabi Adeeko, were also arrested and charged to court for crime. 68 . The aforementioned discussion and revelation make it abundantly evident that the majority of those involved in the ritual killing of humans for money are young individuals who could use their potential to improve on their lives rather than engaging in such ignoble acts of criminality as ritual killings. Conclusion This work has addressed a number of issues related to ritual killings, including the types of rituals that are performed and the factors that motivated such killings. The evidences surrounding the death of the victims of rituall killings point to how the societ has degenerated morally. Over the years, youth patriotism and hard effort have been n30m-to-harvest-human-parts-for-money-ritual- suspect/ 67 Police arrested suspect with human parts in Oyo state. https://www.tvcnews.tv/2024/02/police-arrest- suspects-with-human-parts-in-oyo-state/ 68 Q. Rabiu (2023) Prophet, Accomplice sentenced to death for killing LASU student. https://www.channelstv.com/2023/07/18/prophet- accomplice-sentenced-to-death-for-killing-lasu- student/.Assessed 12/3/2024. 27 https://punchng.com/delta-herbalist-yahoo-boy-caught-with-human-parts/ https://punchng.com/delta-herbalist-yahoo-boy-caught-with-human-parts/ https://www.channelstv.com/2023/07/18/prophet-accomplice-sentenced-to-death-for-killing-lasu-student/.Assessed https://www.channelstv.com/2023/07/18/prophet-accomplice-sentenced-to-death-for-killing-lasu-student/.Assessed https://www.channelstv.com/2023/07/18/prophet-accomplice-sentenced-to-death-for-killing-lasu-student/.Assessed O e g Pe e O e : Social Implications of Human Killings for Money Ritual among the Yoruba People of Southwestern Nigeria Tropical Journal of Arts and Humanities, Volume 6, Number 2, 2024 discouraged by the pursuit of wealth through the theft of common wealth by those in positions of authority. People in positions of authority have thrown decency and dignity into the wind. In actuality, corruption is a worldwide threat that affects every society. However, in Nigeria, the problem has taken on alarming proportions due to a lack of political will. The youths who are supposed to contribute to the growth of the nation have turned into head hunters due to the entrenched culture of materialism and flamboyance that necessitate looting and all sorts of unwholesome practices such as money rituals that involve human lives. Thus, in order to put an end to the ongoing killing of innocent people for money rituals, those in positions of authority must act with the utmost integrity in the performance of their duties. The following are recommened in the light what has been presented in the paper: 1. The political system needs to be restructured to promote inclusive governance, where adolescents' demands such as employment possibilities, support for entrepreneurship, and a positive atmosphere to live and work are taken into consideration. 2. In order for the family to reshape and revitalize the family value system, where parents watch over their children from infancy to adulthood, while the government restructures the political system, parents should make every effort to restore the beloved African morality ingrained in family values and apply it to their children. This will have a significant positive impact on society, as instances of ritual killing will be greatly decreased, if not completely eliminated. 3. Children should be instilled with the value and the sanctity of human life from an early age. It is the responsibility of parents to uphold moral principles in their households. References Abdulrauf, S.H.et.al. (2019). 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