75 Assessment of Quality of Life of Inmates in Nigerian Correctional Centres: A Systematic Review DOI: https://doi.org/10.31920/2752-6585/2024/v4n2a4 Ibironke Damilola Adefisoye Centre for Gender, Humanitarian and Development Studies, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State. oluwadawalola@gmail.com Olusola Joseph Adejumo Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State olusolaadejumo.edu@gmail.com & Damilola Blessing Olufemi Centre for Gender, Humanitarian and Development Studies, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State olufemidamilolab@gmail.com Abstract The Nigerian correctional system has long been criticised for its adverse conditions, which impact the quality of life (QoL) of inmates. Nigeria, like other developing countries, has a growing prison population. However, the facilities in these correctional centres have been widely criticised for violating human rights. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the types, nature, and proposed solutions to these challenges by examining studies conducted between January 2010 and May 2023. The review included quantitative and qualitative research from peer-reviewed journals and grey literature, focusing on studies published African Journal of Sociology, Psychology and Rural Studies (AJOSPRS) ISSN 3049-9593 (Print) ISSN 3049-9607 (Online) formerly African Journal of Sociological and Psychological Studies (AJOSAPS) E-ISSN 2752-6585 (Online); ISSN 2752-6577 (Print) Indexed by IBSS, SABINET and EBSCO Volume 4, Number 2, December 2024 Pp 75-97 Adefisoye, Adejumo & Olufemi (AJOSPRS) Vol. 4, (No. 2), December 2024, pp 75-97 76 in English. A comprehensive literature search was performed using databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Academia, Research Gate and Scopus. Manual searches of reference lists and grey literature were also conducted. The initial search produced 181 articles; after removing duplicates and screening for relevance, 20 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final review. Content analysis identified common themes and patterns, providing an overarching view of the QoL in Nigerian correctional centres. Findings indicate that inmates in Nigerian prisons face numerous challenges. The study concludes with recommendations for the Nigerian government to address these issues by investing in gender-friendly infrastructures and effective rehabilitation programs. Keywords: Quality of Life, Inmates, Human Rights, Correctional Centre, Overcrowding. Introduction An examination of the quality of life of inmates in Nigerian correctional facilities is a crucial aspect of the assessment of the criminal justice system. The term quality of life defines the level of well-being, satisfaction, and happiness experienced by an individual in their daily life (Boggatz, 2016). Similarly, Dehno et al. (2012) explains the quality of life to be a multidimensional concept that encompasses various aspects of a person's life, which is often affected by physical, psychological, social, and environmental factors. Nigeria has a large prison population, with a population of 82 ,895 inmates in its over 244 correctional facilities as of July 2024 (World Prison Brief, 2024). The Nigerian Correctional Service (NCS) is responsible for the custody, care, and rehabilitation of inmates in these facilities (NCS, 2023). However, Nigerian correctional facilit ies have been plagued with issues such as overcrowding, poor living conditions, inadequate healthcare, and limited access to educational and vocational training programs among other things (Oyeyipo et al, 2021; Infoguide Nigeria, 2023). These issues not only affect the well-being of inmates but can also hinder their rehabilitation and reintegration into society. Worthy of note is the gender difference in the experiences of inmates in correctional facilities. Reports of research conducted by Simpson & Assessment of Quality of Life of Inmates in Nigerian Correctional Centres… 77 Wallace (2003) and Sacks, et al. (2013) reveal that women experience higher rates of depression and other specific difficulties such as sexual assault and lack of access to feminine hygiene products during incarceration. The QoL in prisons may therefore be significantly impacted by gender disparities. In recent years, there have been efforts by the NCS and other stakeholders to address these issues and improve the quality of life of inmates in Nigerian correctional facilities. For instance, the Nigerian government passed the Nigerian Correctional Service Act in 2019, which aims to improve the living conditions and rehabilitation programs in its correctional facilities (NCS, 2019). Additionally, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in 2021 partnered with the NCS to provide technical assistance and support for the implementation of international standards and best practices in Nigerian correctional facilities (UNODC, 2021). Although researchers like Opafunso and Adepoju (2016) and Nwam, et al. (2016) have examined the living conditions of inmates in correctional facilities in Nigeria, there exists paucity of data on inmates’ quality of life. Therefore, a systematic review of literature on the quality of life of inmates in correctional centres in Nigeria becomes pertinent to identify areas that can promote successful reintegration of inmates into society. Hence, this study utilises systematic review of existing literatures to achieve its objectives. Objectives of the Study The objectives of this study are to: i. identify the different challenges experienced by inmates in Nigerian correctional facilities. ii. examine the coping mechanisms employed by inmates in Nigerian correctional centres; and iii. analyse gender differences in the quality of life of inmates in Nigerian correctional centres. Methods Research Design This systematic review aims to evaluate the quality of life (QoL) of inmates in Nigerian correctional centres by examining studies conducted between January 2010 and May 2023. The review included both Adefisoye, Adejumo & Olufemi (AJOSPRS) Vol. 4, (No. 2), December 2024, pp 75-97 78 quantitative and qualitative studies from peer-reviewed journals and grey literature, ensuring a comprehensive analysis of the topic. Search Procedure An exhaustive literature search was conducted using both electronic and manual methods. Databases searched were PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Academia, ResearchGate and Scopus were searched with predefined terms: "quality of life," "prisoners," "inmates," "correctional centres," "prisons," and "Nigeria correctional centres." Boolean operators "AND" and "OR" were employed to refine and expand the search. Additionally, reference lists of relevant articles and grey literature were manually searched to identify further studies. Database Search Terms Filters Applied Date of Search Notes PubMed "Nigerian prisons" OR "Nigerian correctional facilities" AND "quality of life" AND "inmates" OR "prisoners" English language, Human studies, 2000-2023 July 2023 The initial search resulted in 200+ articles, refined by applying filters for the English language and recent years. Google Scholar "Inmates challenges in Nigeria" OR "Correctional facility conditions in Nigeria" AND "quality of life" 2010-2023, Title and Abstract July 2023 Searched for peer-reviewed articles and grey literature Scopus "Nigerian correctional system" OR "prison in Nigeria" AND "inmate well-being" 2005- 2023,English language July 2023 Broad search terms were used, then narrowed down to focus on correctional system outcomes. Assessment of Quality of Life of Inmates in Nigerian Correctional Centres… 79 Web of Science "Nigerian prisoners" OR "Quality of life in Nigerian prisons" AND "Inmate coping strategies" 2000-2023, Social Science and Health. July 2023 Search refined using categories related to social sciences. Academia "Nigerian prisoners" OR "Quality of life in Nigerian prisons" AND "Inmate coping strategies" 2000-2023, Social Science July 2023 Search refined using categories related to inmates' QOL Research Gate "Nigerian prisoners" OR "Quality of life in Nigerian prisons" AND "Inmate coping strategies" 2000-2023, Social Science and Health categories July 2023 Search refined using related categories. Eligibility Criteria The studies included in this review met the following criteria as presented below: Criteria Inclusion Exclusion Timeframe Studies conducted between January 2010 and May 2023 Studies conducted outside the specified timeframe Language Studies published in English Studies published in languages other than English Publication Type Peer-reviewed academic journals and grey literature Non-peer-reviewed sources. Research Method Quantitative and qualitative research methodologies Methodologies outside of quantitative and qualitative Focus Area Studies focusing on quality-of- life aspects in Nigerian correctional centres Studies not focusing on Nigerian correctional centres Adefisoye, Adejumo & Olufemi (AJOSPRS) Vol. 4, (No. 2), December 2024, pp 75-97 80 Data Extraction Data extraction was performed by three independent reviewers using a pre-designed form. The extracted data included the following: i. Author(s) ii. Publication year iii. Title of publication iv. Methodology v. Details on various QoL aspects such as overcrowding, healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, abuse/violence, rehabilitation programs, social supportand coping strategies. Risk of Bias Assessment The risk of bias in individual studies was assessed by the reviewers, focusing on factors such as study design, and methodology. Discrepancies were resolved through discussion to ensure the reliability of the assessment. Study Selection The initial search produced 181 articles. After removing duplicates, 161 articles remained. Titles and abstracts were screened for relevance, resulting in the exclusion of irrelevant articles. Full texts of the remaining articles were assessed against the eligibility criteria, leading to the final selection of 20 articles for inclusion in the systematic review. Data Organisation Data was organised using a Google Doc and verified by a third reviewer. Inconsistencies identified during this process were resolved accordingly. Data Synthesis and Analysis Content analysis was conducted to identify common themes and patterns within the extracted data. The findings were summarised to provide an overview of the QoL of inmates in Nigerian correctional centres. The synthesis aimed to highlight key areas of challenges facing inmates in Assessment of Quality of Life of Inmates in Nigerian Correctional Centres… 81 correctional facilities. These challenges were analysed to understand their impact on the overall QoL of inmates. Figure 1: PRISMA Systematic Review Flow Diagram Reports excluded with reasons (n = 25) Records removed before the screening: Duplicate records (n = 20) Reports not retrieved (n = 33) Incl ude d Scree ning Identi ficati on Studies included in the review (n = 20) Identification of studies via databases and registers Records screened (n = 161) Reports sought for retrieval (n = 78) Records identified from PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Academia, Research Gate and Scopus: (n=181) Records excluded (n = 83) Reports assessed for eligibility (n = 45) Adefisoye, Adejumo & Olufemi (AJOSPRS) Vol. 4, (No. 2), December 2024, pp 75-97 82 Presentation of Findings Challenges Experienced by Inmates in Nigerian Correctional Facilities Overcrowding Several studies reported significant overcrowding in Nigerian correctional facilities. Nwefoh et al. (2020) found the Makurdi prison, designed for 240 inmates, held over 900, quadrupling its capacity. Nwam et al. (2021) noted a facility meant for 357 inmates housing 1,047 inmates. Ali (2011) highlighted extreme cases like Goron-Dutse prison, designed for 50 inmates but housing 800 inmates, and a Central Prison designed for 100 inmates housing about 1000 inmates. Notably, overcrowding severely impacts inmates' quality of life and well-being. Studies consistently reported that overcrowding leads to low quality of life, uncomfortable living conditions, increased violence and abuse, strained resources, and limited access to essential services. Aluko et al. (2021) and Oninla & Onayemi (2012) described inhumane conditions, including leaking roofs, poor lighting, and dilapidated cells. Oninla & Onayemi (2012) also noted heightened infection risks due to frequent skin contact. Healthcare The review revealed pertinent issues with healthcare provision for inmates in Nigerian correctional facilities, as documented by multiple studies (Aluko et al., 2021; Jeremiah et al., 2021; Nwefoh et al., 2020). Inadequate resource provision, poor health conditions, and lack of proper medical facilities and supplies severely impact inmates' physical and mental health (Aluko et al., 2021). Studies like Aluko et al., (2021); Ali, (2011); and Ojo & Okunola, (2014) reported lack of proper healthcare, with basic needs barely met and shortages of medical personnel, medications, and equipment being common. Furthermore, there is dearth of health specialists, such as psychologists among others, despite high rates of mental health disorders among inmates (Jeremiah et al., 2021). Similarly, in the study conducted Assessment of Quality of Life of Inmates in Nigerian Correctional Centres… 83 by Bioku et al. (2021) about half of the inmates were found to have mental health issues like depression and anxiety, with few treatment options. Nutrition The study conducted by Jeremiah et al. (2021) reported gross malnutrition among inmates in the study area. Supporting this view, Ojo & Okunola (2014) also highlighted poor nutrition as a major issue in Nigerian correctional facilities. This was largely attributed to increasing inmate population without a corresponding upward review of budgetary allocation (Jeremiah et al., 2014; Ojo & Okunola, 2014). Inmates were found to be undernourished, and suffering from poor health due to insufficient good food and drinkable water. Ojo & Okunola (2014) also highlighted that the inmates' diets were mainly carbohydrates with little or no protein which was better described as a “starvation diet," particularly for inmates on special diets. Similarly, Tanimu (2010) reported that the food served to inmates is often insufficient, ill - prepared, and unpalatable. Sanitation/Hygiene The studies reviewed revealed that Nigerian prisons are generally unhygienic and unhealthy for inmates. Poor sanitation, exacerbated by overcrowding and prison congestion, severely reduces inmates' quality of life. Tanimu (2010) highlighted the vulnerability of inmates to poor hygiene, noting that some inmates sleep in shifts or squat all night due to insufficient space, leading to a stuffy and unhygienic atmosphere. Supporting this view, Ojo and Okunola (2014) decried the inadequacy of bedding which exposes inmates to extreme temperatures. Similarly, the use of indoor bucket toilets instead of proper toilet systems contributes to high infection rates and cell infestation with bed bugs, lice, mosquitoes, and other insects (Tanimu, 2010); Dimkpa, 2011). Ali (2011) linked poor hygiene to high mortality rates in prisons. However, despite inmates' adequate knowledge of personal hygiene, the reality of having to use a pour-flush toilet and the inadequacy of toilet facilities often frustrated their willingness to maintain personal hygiene (Aluko et al., 2021). Adefisoye, Adejumo & Olufemi (AJOSPRS) Vol. 4, (No. 2), December 2024, pp 75-97 84 Abuse Highlighting the prevalence of abuse in Nigerian correctional centres, two of the articles reviewed identified the incidence of sexual, psychological and emotional abuse. Importantly, Olugbemga-Bello, et al (2013) identified the prevalence of sexual harassment and the high level of vulnerability of female inmates to same. Olugbenga-Bello et al (2013) noted that female inmates reported cases of sexual harassment and assault with male correctional staff as the main perpetrator. In another perspective, Tanimu (2010) noted that inmates perceive the prison as an instrument of oppression by the rich over the poor with high incidence of physical and emotional abuse. Social Support Social support from family, friends, and acquaintances has been identified as a crucial element for maintaining an enviable quality of life for inmates. Study conducted by Balogun (2013) revealed that support from relatives and friends helps inmates cope with the harsh conditions of prison facilities. Similarly, Aluko et al. (2021) noted that family members of inmates in Southwest Nigeria often provide toiletries to supplement the supplies from the government. However, Oguntayo et al. (2020) reported that inmates had limited access to supportive family and friends, leading to depression. Similarly, Tanimu (2010) and Ali (2011) found that most inmates had not received any visitors since their incarceration, with only a few reporting occasional visits. Similarly, sending mail to relatives was observed by Ali (2011) to be difficult, as prison welfare officers often lacked writing materials, causing inmates to lose touch with their families. Gender Differences in the Quality of Life of Inmates in Nigerian Correctional Centres The majority of the studies reviewed did not give an account of the gender differences in the QoL of the inmates in Nigeria correctional facilities. The study conducted by Tanimu (2010), appears to be the only study that attempted to give such an account. It was established from the studies reviewed that the male gender dominates the population of the Assessment of Quality of Life of Inmates in Nigerian Correctional Centres… 85 inmates in correctional facilities in Nigeria. The findings of Tanimu, (2010) revealed that female inmates may face less severe prison conditions because their population is usually small and easy to manage when compared to male inmates. Therefore, the female inmates fare better in terms of accommodation, clothing, and other related packages (Tanimu, 2010). Coping Strategies of Inmates in Nigerian Correctional Centres Coping with the over-congested nature of these facilities, findings, according to Ali (2011) and Aluko et al. (2021), revealed that inmates often sleep in seated positions, squatting, lying down like logs, and sometimes take turns to sleep due to the insufficiency of sleeping space. Similarly, inmates sometimes queue to use the available 'pour-flush' toilet system when necessary. To access basic amenities and quality healthcare system and drugs, Olugbenga-Bello et al (2013) posited that inmates sometimes bribe some officials of correctional facilities to assist them in purchasing necessary items (soap, drugs, sanitary towels among others) from outside the prison facilities. Discussion of Findings This section presents the synthesis of the findings of this study with the extant literature on quality of life among inmates. Therefore, the discussion in this section will explore how these findings align with, contradict, or expand upon existing literature and theoretical frameworks. This systematic review identified overcrowding, healthcare, nutrition, sanitation/hygiene, abuse, and social support as the predominant challenges faced by inmates in Nigeria correctional centres. Finally, gender differences in the quality-of-life inmates and their coping strategies will be discussed. Overcrowding appears to be one of the major challenges confronting the inmates in many Nigerian correctional centres. The results of this review revealed that overcrowding is the root cause of other issues related to health, hygiene, and sanitation. Many of the Nigerian correctional centres are densely populated with many of the facilities holding twice or more the number of inmates than they were structurally designed for. Apparently, the effect of this on the quality of life and well- being of inmates cannot be overemphasised. This result is in line with the findings of Nwefoh et al. (2020), Nwam et al. (2021), and Ali (2011). Overcrowding is often linked to a high proportion of inmates awaiting Adefisoye, Adejumo & Olufemi (AJOSPRS) Vol. 4, (No. 2), December 2024, pp 75-97 86 trial and delays in the criminal justice system. Such prolonged pre-trial detention and case backlogs exacerbate overcrowding. This results in compromised safety, increased physical and mental health risks, limited access to rehabilitation programs, and challenges in protecting inmates' rights. Effective prison management and adequate service provision are hindered by overcrowding which affects the overall quality of life of the inmates in Nigerian correctional centres. Healthcare was also identified as another serious challenge for the inmates as the deficiencies in healthcare severely impact inmates' quality of life. The inability to meet basic healthcare needs, treat common illnesses, and provide effective care for mental health disorders threatens their well-being. The findings of this review show that many inmates are vulnerable to diseases and illnesses and also lack appropriate healthcare to ensure good health. These findings support the findings of Aluko et al., 2021; Nwefoh et al., 2020; Tanimu, 2010; and Jeremiah et al., 2021. Poor nutrition is another challenge that inmates in Nigerian correctional centres battle with. Generally, good nutrition is essential for health and development, promoting health-related quality of life. This is especially important for inmates in Nigerian correctional centres, where environments are often poor and unhealthy. Studies reviewed highlight the inadequate nutritional intake among inmates in many Nigerian prisons and the devastating effects on the quality of life of the inmates. Overall, these findings underscore the critical need for improved nutritional standards and better food quality in Nigerian correctional centres to enhance inmates' health and quality of life. This finding supports the findings of Jeremiah et al. (2021) and Ojo & Okunola (2014). Furthermore, poor sanitation and hygiene have contributed immensely to high disease burdens in many Nigerian correctional facilities. For instance, one of the studies included in this review identified Abakaliki and Enugu federal prison as relevant case studies. Abakaliki federal prison, with its mud houses, had the highest disease burden due to conditions favouring the breeding of mosquitoes and infectious fungi and bacteria. Enugu prison, near a busy market and motor park, had high cases of diarrhoea, rashes, typhoid, and respiratory issues due to poor indoor air quality. Overcrowded and unsanitary Assessment of Quality of Life of Inmates in Nigerian Correctional Centres… 87 conditions contribute to poor health, with disease transmission rapid due to close living quarters and unhygienic spaces. This results in a high prevalence of infectious illnesses and adverse skin conditions. This result supports the finding of Aluko et al., 2021; Nwefoh et al., 2020; Tanimu, 2010; Ojo & Okunola, 2014. This review also identified abuse as another major challenge for the inmates in Nigerian correctional centres with inmates facing physical, emotional, psychological, and sexual abuse. The majority of the inmates perceive the prison as an instrument of oppression by the rich. The study further revealed that, for underprivileged or poor inmates, minor infringement of the prison rules attracts heavy punishment and hostile treatment. However, this is not the same for inmates with good socio- economic backgrounds and who can afford bribes. The case is even worse for female inmates because of their higher vulnerability to assaults and sexual abuse. This does not only affect the quality of life of the inmates but also defeat the reformative and rehabilitative aims of the correctional centres. Therefore, prison may end up returning more toxic persons to society at the end of their jail terms thereby increasing the rate of recidivism. This finding supports the findings Tanimu (2010) who also posited that the prevalence of abuse in the Nigerian correctional centres is high with devastating implications on inmates’ quality of life. Finally, in terms of challenges, the study revealed that social support is very crucial to enhancing inmates' quality of life. Support from family and friends can play a very significant role in reducing depression and other emotional challenges that accompany prison life. However, inmates in Nigerian correctional centres suffer from little or no social support. Limited access to support systems has severe implications on inmates’ quality of life. This finding is consistent with the findings of Oguntayo et al. (2020); Tanimu (2010); Ali (2011); and Ojo & Okunola (2014). In terms of gender differences in the quality of life among the inmates, of all the articles reviewed, only one article gave an account on the differences. It was noted that male prisons are always more densely populated compared to female prisons. Owing to this fact, female inmates may fare better compared to their male counterparts who are always more in number than the available facility capacity and resources. Despite the various challenges inmates face in the correctional centres in Nigeria, they are expected to completely serve their terms while those awaiting trials are meant to remain in the facilities for as long as the judicial process may take (sometimes up to 10 years). In light of the delay in trials and the deplorable nature of the correctional facilities, Adefisoye, Adejumo & Olufemi (AJOSPRS) Vol. 4, (No. 2), December 2024, pp 75-97 88 inmates adopt strategies with which they cope with the strains they are faced with. The findings of this systematic review revealed that inmates’ participation in sports and other recreational activities keeps them lively. Aside from the use of recreational activities, bribing of officials was also used to improve their chance of having access to resources for personal care and social support. Finally, the inmates adopt adaptive behaviours to cope with issues such as overcrowding and limited facilities. For instance, inmates sleep in batches because of limited space. These findings support the views of Olabimtan (2021); Aluko et al. (2021); Olugbenga-Bello et al (2013); Ali (2011). Strengths and Limitations of the Study One of the strengths of this review lies in the selection of articles to reflect and capture the different experiences of inmates across the southwest, southeast, and northern part of Nigeria. Therefore, this review provides an insight into the experiences and challenges of inmates across the different regions in Nigeria. This can help guide region- specific policy formulation and implementation. Like any other study, this study also has some limitations that may need to be considered in both conceptual and theoretical application of the findings. First, this review is limited by the number of articles considered. The limited number of articles considered for this review can limit the scope of the review and the generalisation of the findings. Finally, this review only adopted only studies conducted in Nigeria which may also limit the application of the findings in other regions. Conclusion & Recommendations This systematic review of literature aimed at assessing the QoL of the inmates in Nigerian correctional centres. Overcrowding, healthcare, nutrition, sanitation/hygiene, abuse, and social support were used as indices to assess the QoL of the inmates. The outcome of the review suggests that the QoL of the inmates in Nigerian prisons is generally poor. The correctional centres may lack the ability to achieve the rehabilitative and reformative purposes for which they were instituted. This study equally revealed that the menace is not a recent phenomenon. Assessment of Quality of Life of Inmates in Nigerian Correctional Centres… 89 The majority of the studies had little information when it comes to female inmates. This is because they constitute a minority group in all the prisons studied. In other words, the majority of the inmates in the Nigerian prisons are males while the females constitute a very insignificant population. This study recommends urgent attention to policies that will enhance the effective reformation of Nigerian prisons. Moreover, proper Monitoring and Evaluation mechanisms must be put in place to ensure its implementation. The policy must address gender issues to make sure that rehabilitation centres factor in the needs of the female gender in its structural, social, and welfare planning. The major factor contributing to overcrowding in the prisons is the growing number of people awaiting trial. This study therefore recommends reform of the Nigerian penal system. Specifically, this study recommends the following practical steps to improve the quality of life of inmates in Nigerian correctional centres: i. Government should develop and implement strategies to reduce the level of overcrowding and also improve the standard of living of inmates; ii. There is a need to strengthen the judicial system in Nigeria to hasten the process of judgement delivery resulting in a reduction in the number of inmates awaiting trials; iii. The Nigeria correctional service should ensure the provision of nutritious and balanced diets by increasing feeding allocation for inmates; iv. Development and implementation of policy that address the physical and mental health needs of inmates; v. Enhancement of sanitation and hygiene standards within correctional facilities by enforcing strict hygiene protocols and the provision of clean water and personal hygiene products; vi. Provision for a monitoring team that prevents abuse and ensures the safety of inmates; vii. Promotion of social support and reintegration programs for inmates by facilitating regular communication between inmates and their families through various means. 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P., Oyeleke, J. T., &Opayemi, A. S. (2020). Influence of anxiety and depression on quality of life among prison inmates in Ilorin, Nigeria. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 41(3), 570- 575. https://doi.org/10.34044/j.kjss.2020.41.3.18 Ojo, M. O. D., & Okunola, R. A. (2014). The plights of the aged inmates in Nigerian prison system: A survey of two prisons in Ogun State, Nigeria. Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology, 11(1), 54. Olugbenga-Bello, A. I., Adeoye, O. A., &Osagbemi, K. G. (2013). Assessment of the reproductive health status of adult prison inmates in Osun State, Nigeria. International Journal of Reproductive Medicine . http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/451460 Oninla, O. A., &Onayemi, O. (2012). Skin infections and infestations in prison inmates. International journal of dermatology, 51(2), 178–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05016.x Opafunso, Z. O., & Adepoju, O. O. (2016). Prison reforms system and inmate's welfare in Nigeria. 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Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 12(3), 140-152. https://jsd- africa.com/Jsda/V12No3_Summer2010_A/PDF/Nigeria%20Convi cts%20and%20Prison%20Rehabilitation%20Ideals%20(Tanimu).pdf https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JTHS/article/view/42557 https://doi.org/10.34044/j.kjss.2020.41.3.18 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/451460 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05016.x https://doi.org/10.4172/2151-6200.1000166 https://doi.org/10.26502/jesph.96120044 https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838014525084 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-2527(03)00056-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-2527(03)00056-5 https://jsd-africa.com/Jsda/V12No3_Summer2010_A/PDF/Nigeria%20Convicts%20and%20Prison%20Rehabilitation%20Ideals%20(Tanimu).pdf https://jsd-africa.com/Jsda/V12No3_Summer2010_A/PDF/Nigeria%20Convicts%20and%20Prison%20Rehabilitation%20Ideals%20(Tanimu).pdf https://jsd-africa.com/Jsda/V12No3_Summer2010_A/PDF/Nigeria%20Convicts%20and%20Prison%20Rehabilitation%20Ideals%20(Tanimu).pdf Assessment of Quality of Life of Inmates in Nigerian Correctional Centres… 93 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2021). UNODC launches new prison reform programme in Nigeria. https://www.unodc.org/nigeria/en/unodc-launches-new-prison- reform-programme-in-nigeria-strengthening-the-capacity-of-the- nigerian-correctional-service-to-effectively-rehabilitate-and- reintegrate-prisoners-held-for-an-alleged-association-with-boko- haram.html World Prison Brief (2024). World Prison Brief Data. https://www.prisonstudies.org/country/nigeria S/N Author (Year) Title of Article Metho dology Overcr owding Health care Nutrit ion Sanita tion & Hygie ne Abuse/ Violenc e Reha b Progr ams Social Suppor t Copin g Strate gies Soluti on 1. 1. Oguntayo et al (2020) Influence of anxiety and depressio n on quality of life among prison inmates in Ilorin, Nigeria Survey Researc h Design Self- report questio nnaire There is a high level of untreate d anxiety and depressi on The study reveale d that inmate s with high levels of socio- econo mic status have greater QoL Lack of access to friends and families which could lead to depressi on. Period ic health (physi cal and mental ) exami nation s are neede d for inmate s, with need for referra ls when neede d. 2. j E R 2. Jeremiah et al (2021) Haemato logical indices as a measure of quality of life amongst inmates of Port Harcourt correctio nal institutio ns Cross- Section al Study Limited healthca re access leaves many inmates with infectio ns, with poor health. Poor nutriti on among inmate s based on blood test results. 3 Nwefoh et al. (2020) Depressi on and experienc e of incarcera tion in North Central Nigeria: A situation analysis at Makurdi medium- security prison Cross- section al survey Questi onnaire The facility was overcro wded. 91.6% of the inmates were awaitin g trial. Healthc are facility is underser vedwith no specialis ts. High rate of depressi on and mental disorder s among inmates. The facility lacked adequ ate rehabi litative progra mmes Condu ct of regular screen ings for depres sion and mental health disord ers and ensure . https://www.unodc.org/nigeria/en/unodc-launches-new-prison-reform-programme-in-nigeria-strengthening-the-capacity-of-the-nigerian-correctional-service-to-effectively-rehabilitate-and-reintegrate-prisoners-held-for-an-alleged-association-with-boko-haram.html https://www.unodc.org/nigeria/en/unodc-launches-new-prison-reform-programme-in-nigeria-strengthening-the-capacity-of-the-nigerian-correctional-service-to-effectively-rehabilitate-and-reintegrate-prisoners-held-for-an-alleged-association-with-boko-haram.html https://www.unodc.org/nigeria/en/unodc-launches-new-prison-reform-programme-in-nigeria-strengthening-the-capacity-of-the-nigerian-correctional-service-to-effectively-rehabilitate-and-reintegrate-prisoners-held-for-an-alleged-association-with-boko-haram.html https://www.unodc.org/nigeria/en/unodc-launches-new-prison-reform-programme-in-nigeria-strengthening-the-capacity-of-the-nigerian-correctional-service-to-effectively-rehabilitate-and-reintegrate-prisoners-held-for-an-alleged-association-with-boko-haram.html https://www.unodc.org/nigeria/en/unodc-launches-new-prison-reform-programme-in-nigeria-strengthening-the-capacity-of-the-nigerian-correctional-service-to-effectively-rehabilitate-and-reintegrate-prisoners-held-for-an-alleged-association-with-boko-haram.html https://www.prisonstudies.org/country/nigeria Adefisoye, Adejumo & Olufemi (AJOSPRS) Vol. 4, (No. 2), December 2024, pp 75-97 94 S/N Author (Year) Title of Article Metho dology Overcr owding Health care Nutrit ion Sanita tion & Hygie ne Abuse/ Violenc e Reha b Progr ams Social Suppor t Copin g Strate gies Soluti on 4 Nwam et al (2021) “When I Take Drugs, I Don’t Care”: Insights into the Operati onal Dynami cs of Male Violent Offende rs in a Correcti onal Centre Cross- section al survey Quantit ative Data Questi onnaire The facility is overstre tched, having over 200% of its approve d capacity . 5. Mefoh, et al (2015) Relations hip between coping strategies and psycholo gical well- being of Enugu (Nigerian ) prison inmates Copin g has a negligi ble impact on the psych ologic al well- being of inmate s. There is need for adequ ate social suppo rt, medic al care, and other service s. 6 Bioku et al (2021) Psychiatr ic disorders among inmates in a Nigerian correctio nal facility: Prevalen ce, comorbi dity, and sociode mograph ic correlate s Cross- section al descrip tive study Intervie w The facility was not fully occupie d at 81.2% occupa ncy rate. High prevalen ce of mental disorder s with depressi on being the most prevalen t. Invest ment in the mental health of inmate s to reduce recidiv ism. 7 Balogun (2013) Dispositi onal factors, perceived social support, and happines s among prison inmates in Nigeria: A new look Quantit ative Metho d using Oxford Happin ess Questi onnaire Social support hassigni ficant impact on inmates ’ happine ss, well- being, and QOL. Social suppor t is an effecti ve coping strateg y for inmate s. Assessment of Quality of Life of Inmates in Nigerian Correctional Centres… 95 S/N Author (Year) Title of Article Metho dology Overcr owding Health care Nutrit ion Sanita tion & Hygie ne Abuse/ Violenc e Reha b Progr ams Social Suppor t Copin g Strate gies Soluti on 8 Bada et al (2020). Perceive d social support and financial well- being as predictor s of quality of life among prison inmate spouses in Ogun State Descri ptive cross- section al survey researc h design. Self- report questio nnaire Toilet facilitie s are poor either pit latrines or pour- flush system s. Partiall y covere d draina ges breedi ng mosqu itoes, housef lies, and rodent s. 9 Aluko et al (2021) How secured and safe are the sanitatio n and hygiene services in a maximu m- security correctio nal facility in Southwe st Nigeria: A descripti ve cross- sectional study Descri ptive cross- section al study Quantit ative method . Questi onnaire Housin g facilities are inhuma ne, with leaking roofs poorly illumina ted rooms and dilapida ted cells. High prevalen ce of malaria and exposur e to commu nicable diseases, infectio us diseases and skin infectio ns. Toilet facilitie s are poor. The prison experi ence is more puniti ve than refor mator y. Inmates ' family membe rs supply toiletrie s. 10 Ajah (2018) Educatio nal training of inmates in Awka and Abakaliki prisons, Nigeria. Cross- section al study using Questi onnaire & IDI The educat ional servic e is undesi rable and non- functi onal. 11. Obadiora &Obadior a (2018) Relations hip of age and sports participat ion to quality of life among prison inmates in Nigeria Experi mental pre- test&p ost-test control researc h design. Inmat es engage in sporti ng activiti es. Introd ucing sports could help inmate s cope better in the correc tional centre. Adefisoye, Adejumo & Olufemi (AJOSPRS) Vol. 4, (No. 2), December 2024, pp 75-97 96 S/N Author (Year) Title of Article Metho dology Overcr owding Health care Nutrit ion Sanita tion & Hygie ne Abuse/ Violenc e Reha b Progr ams Social Suppor t Copin g Strate gies Soluti on 12 Ali (2011) Challeng es of convict’s rehabilita tion process in Nigeria: Case study of Goron- Dutse and Central Prisons Kano state Questi onnaire , Observ ation, & Docum entary Sources The facilities were congest ed at about 1000% occupa ncy rate. The health facilities have inadequ ate personn el and drug supplyin creasing the rate of prison mortalit y. The quality and quantit y of food served is poor.T he food was often ill- prepar ed, monot onous, insuffi cient and tastele ss. The facility uses an indoor bucket system for defecat ing which keeps the rooms stuffy with unbear able stench. The faciliti es’ educat ional plans were not consid ered satisfa ctory. Inmates decried the lack of effectiv e commu nication with family. 13. Olugbeng a-Bello, et al (2013) Assessm ent of the reproduc tive health status of adult prison inmates in Osun State, Nigeria Cross- section al study design using semi- structur ed questio nnaires. High prevalen ce of sexual harassme nt for females. Inmat es resort to bribes to get necess ary suppli es. 14. Oninla&O nayemi (2012) Skin infection s and infestatio ns in prison inmates The study adopte d a descrip tive cohort study design. High levels of overcro wding leading to a high rate of infectio ns. Poor hygien e and sanitati on among the inmate s resulti ng in a high rate of infecti ons. 15. Opafunso & Adepoju (2016) Prison reforms system and inmate's welfare in Nigeria Descri ptive survey researc h design - structur ed questio nnaire. The facilities were severely overcro wded. Assessment of Quality of Life of Inmates in Nigerian Correctional Centres… 97 S/N Author (Year) Title of Article Metho dology Overcr owding Health care Nutrit ion Sanita tion & Hygie ne Abuse/ Violenc e Reha b Progr ams Social Suppor t Copin g Strate gies Soluti on 16. Otuu& Shu (2019) Prevalent diseases among inmates in three federal prisons in South- East geopoliti cal Zone of Nigeria: A Peep into the environ mental factors Structu red questio nnaires The facilities were overcro wded. The study also identifie d the lack of medical care as another challeng e confron ting the inmates. There is inadeq uate water supply, poor toilet conditi ons, dirty enviro nment s and poor ventila tion. 17 Agbakwur u& Ibe- Johnson (2016) Incarcera tion and the well- being of prison inmates in Nigeria Quantit ative study Questi onnaire used ex-post facto design 250 inmates Port Harcou rt Prison The facility is highly overcro wded Inmates awaiting trial show more signs of depressi on, insomni a, anxiety, and suicidal tendenci es. 18 Akinyemi (2019) Perceptio ns of inmates on social work interventi on in Osun State prisons, Nigeria. Questi onnaire and FGD The facilities were overcro wded at about 150 per cent rate. Acces s to skills acquis ition and educat ion progra ms. 19 Tanimu, 2010 Nigeria convicts and prison rehabilita tion ideals Intervie ws, direct observa tion, and second ary sources . The facility was overcro wded. High prevalen ce of skin diseases. There is a severe shortage of medical facilities and personn el The meal is often ill- prepar ed, monot onous, small, and tastele ss. Poor toilet facility. Infesta tion with bed bugs, lice and mosqu itoes, Inmate s lack proper clothin g. Only prisoners with money are treated well. There is a lack of instru ctional materi als and qualifi ed teache rs Lack of social support and commu nication gap. 20 Ojo and Okunola, 2014 The plights of the aged inmates in the Nigerian prison system: A survey of two prisons in Ogun State, Nigeria. Quantit ative method - questio nnaire. The facility is poorly equippe d with medical facilities and personn el. The food is inadeq uate and lacks nutriti on. Lack of good clothin g Lack of counsell ing and recreati onal facilities .