Volume 5 No.1, April 2020 ISSN 2397-8538 SPECTRUM JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY CHRISTIANITY AND SOCIETY SPECTRUM: JOURNAL. OF CONTEMPORARY CHRISTIANITY AND SOCIETY VOLUME 5 NO.1, APRIL 2020 ISSN 2397-8338 Eco-Theology as Panacea for Environmental -Ecological Crisis in Osun State, Nigeria. Fortunatus Godwin Pontifex ALABI, Ph.D Department of Christian Religious Studies, Faculty of Humanities, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State. 08065688983; fortunatusgodwinp.fg@gmail.com Abstract The study explored the issue of environmental crises which is one of the major concerns for humanity. These crises threatening not only the continued existence of man, but also our very planet as well. From the beginning, nature has been the source of human life and every other living thing. Apart from the misuse and abuse of nature by human beings all over the world, the advancement of human ability to control and manipulate the earth's natural resources through science and technology has resulted in a situation where human life is seriously endangered more than ever before. The great concern facing humankind now goes beyond the issue of relationship between human life and nature or how to deal with environmental crises, but also with the integrity of the whole creation, peace and justice in an unjust world. Theologians have been talking about environmental and ecological crises and the damaging of the environment by man. Man, the crown of God's creations, whom God created to care for the earth appears to be the only specie damaging the earth by over exploiting it daily. Therefore, this paper concludes that environmental and ecological crises demand theological solution in such a way that it will foster development. To tackle these identified environmental and ecological crises like depletion; desertification and deforestation, climate changes, drought, floods and other natural disasters together with other manmade problems like solid wastes and management with pollution topping the list threatening life on earth. Introduction Global issues are many, but by far the most pressing include those that relate to our environment. Today, the environmental crisis is no longer considered to be a FORTUNATUS GODWIN PONTIFEX ALABI :102 matter of concern only for a select few, but for everybody as it concerns global survival. But each local context has its problems and every responsible individual today is aware of the need to be involved in one way or the other. From being a little known technical word that had to be defined every time it was used, 'ecology' has now become a household word. And, that is what it should be as Oikos is the related root word. Just as with the word 'economy' the root is the Greek prefix eco which means 'house' or 'dwelling place. Technically, ecology is the science that deals with the interrelationship in and between organisms, living and non-living, within the environment. There is no doubt that the contemporary world is increasingly getting obsessed with momentous challenges arising from both the ecological and environmental crises. Africa and Nigeria in particular are hardest hit in terms of the unavailability of sustainable environmental policy and ecological management strategies.' We speak of the environmental crisis, but what is it? Centuries of uncontrolled exploration of nature have wreaked havoc on our planet Earth. The phenomenal advancement in science and technology and the frightening increase in population have placed enormous pressure on the earth's resources. Depletion, desertification and deforestation, climatic changes, droughts and floods and other natural problems threatening life on earth. And with pollution on a hazardous scale, these problems are being compounded to even more alarming proportions. As the crisis deepens, there are dire consequences for everyone. Dealing with superficial symptoms will not be sufficient.' Neither can we look only at local situations, as ecological concerns are interlinked and have assumed global dimensions, penetrating total human life. And therefore, whether philosophically, theologically, economically, socially, politically, or in any other way possible, we will need to collectively handle the mounting problems with determination and dedication. Getting to root issues will turn out to be an absorbing theological discussion. Eco-theology is a form of constructive theology that focuses on the interrelationships of religion and nature, particularly in the light of environmental concerns. Eco-theology generally starts from the premise that a relationship exists between human religious/spiritual worldviews and the degradation of nature.3 It explores the interaction between ecological values, such as sustainability and human domination of nature. The movement has produced numerous religious-environmental projects around the world. The 'Nathan Andreas, Ecology: A Theological Response; Gurukul: Madras: 1994; 32. 'Kent Gnanakan, God's Word: A Theology of the Environment. (SPCK: London. 1999), 1-5, 7,18,35-36. 'Faniran, A. "Deforestation and the Biblical Law of Tree Preservation," in Biblical Studies and Environmental Issues in Africa, ed. Manus Chris (NABIS Western Zone: Ibadan, 2009), 37-63. 1031 ECO-THEOLOGY AS PANACEA FOR ENVIRONMENTAL 1 -ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA. burgeoning awareness of the environmental crisis has led to widespread religious reflection on the human relationship with the earth. Such reflection has strong precedents in most religious traditions in the realms of ethics and cosmology, and can be seen as a subset or corollary to the theology of nature. It is important to keep in mind that eco-theology explores not only the relationship between religion and nature in terms of degradation of nature, but also in terms of ecosystem management in general. Specifically, eco-theology seeks not only to identify prominent issues within the relationship between nature and religion, but also to outline potential solutions. This is of particular importance because many supporters and contributors of eco-theology argue that science and education are simply not enough to inspire the change necessary in our current environmental crisis.4 The Concepts of environment and Ecology Understanding the environment, ecology and their consequential effects on human and other created elements are central to this paper. What is the environment? How is this related to the word 'ecology'? The prefix eco has become part of everyday jargon as well as specialized technical reference. The layperson will speak about something being eco-friendly, or someone being eco- conscious, while the academic will speak of eco-justice or eco-theology. There are other related terms used extensively today and probably taken for granted most times. Hence, some definitions are necessary. The word 'environment' has been around a long time. It refers to the complete range of physical and biological conditions that surround us. We are all part of a particular environment, a surrounding. Human beings and every other organism, i.e. trees, plants, animals, etc., cannot exist outside of a given environment. 'Environment' is the term used to refer to nature and all that surrounds it. We sometimes use it synonymously with creation.' The word 'ecology', on the other hand, has had an interesting evolution. In its earliest form, ecology concerned itself with the study of animals and plants, their interrelationships, and environments. The word was used to refer to balance, harmony and inter-relatedness within a given environment. Gradually, it came to be applied to the complete study of human beings within their different environments as well as its widest sense to everything that surrounds the earth. Ecology is, therefore, a specialized word. But the words 'ecology' and 'environment' are sometimes used synonymously. For instance, there may be 413rown,K.;"The Rise of Ecotheology"; http/www.comiecotheology-reference/ecotheology; 2012; accessed 4th January, 2019. 'Abe, G.; "Biblical Basis for Environmental Concerns," in Biblical Studies and Environmental Issues in Africa; in Chris, M.(ed.); NABIS Western Zone; 1badan: 2009; 29-38. FORTUNATUS GODWIN PONTIFEX ALABI 104 mention of either the environmental or ecological crisis. These would be general statements that take into consideration the whole gamut of issues that concern this paper. However, there may be times when I refer specifically to ecological issues within a particular environment. Therefore, when it comes to being technical, the word 'ecology' is restricted to the study of the interrelationships within our environment. Today ecological and environmental studies deal with almost every area of life and society. All of human life is affected by the environmental crisis and all of these areas are of interest to the academic world. This is why today we have environmental economics, science, agriculture, engineering, psychology, medicine, etc. Politicians, industrialists, journalists and other professionals are seen to be taking varying environmental positions as they want to make some impact on people. The influence has grown so much that ecology is of interest to every human being. All of life is interconnected and everyone in some way or another will have to get t, ,,rips with ecological concerns. Why Ecological and Environmental Theology Christianity has often been a scapegoat for the environmental and ecological crisis and the most influential proponent of this view is the much-quoted Lynn White Jr. The discourse on the environment, its misuse and the consequential effects of environmental and ecological crisis became more vivid in the arena of Christian Theology after the thesis of White. When the lecture titled "The Historical Roots of present-Day Ecological Crisis" was delivered by Lynn White, Jr. on December 26, 1966 at the Washington meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). In the article that was later published in the Journal "Science" in 1967, White conjectured that the Christians' influence in the Middle Ages was the root of the ecological crisis in the 20th century' In essence, White was saying that the way Christians view physical creation paved the way for the science and technology that created the environmental and ecological crisis. White's article is based on the premise that "all forms of life modify their context" that is, humanity creates changes in the environment. Humanity's relationship with the natural environment was always a dynamic and interactive one before the industrial Revolution. Through science and technology, humanity's ability to destroy and exploit the environment has vastly increased. Thus, White, in his thesis along the way opines that "Judeo-Christian theology had swept away pagan animism and normalised exploitation of the natural world because: (1) The Bible asserts `White,L. L; 1967;"The I l istorical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis," in Science; pp. 1203-1207 retrieved on 17th February, 2019. 105 ECO-THEOLOGY AS PANACEA FOR ENVIRONMENTAL -ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA. man's dominion over nature and establishes a trend of anthropocentrism. (2) Christianity makes the distinction between man (formed in God's image) and the rest of creation, which has no soul or reason and is thus inferior" that is, Christianity established a dualism of humanity and nature. (3) It is anthropocentric: no item in the physical creation has any purpose save to serve humanity's purpose; (4) humanity is not simply part of nature; (5) it instead that it is God's will that humans exploit nature for its ends.' According to White, the above has led to an indifference towards the environment which continues to impact on the whole creations of God. Science and technology also form part of the problems, it is humanity's fundamental ideas about the environment must change; one must abandon superior, contemptuous attitudes that man willing to use the earth for his slightest whim.' White suggests adopting St. Francis of Assisi as a model in imagining a "democracy" of creation in which all creatures are respected and man's rule over creation is delimited. White's ideas set off an extended debate about the role of religion in creating and sustaining the destructive attitude of the Western world towards the exploitation of the natural world. It also galvanised interest in the relationship between history, nature, and the evolution of ideas, thus stimulating new fields of study like environmental history and eco-theology. However, many consider his argument as a direct attack on Christianity and other Bible commentators think his analysis of the impact of the Bible, especially Genesis is misguided. They argue that Genesis provides man with the model of 'stewardship' rather than dominion, and asks the man to take care of the world's environment. The texts in the book of Genesis used by White junior to accused Christianity as stated above have received much attention recently, and renewed attempts have been made to understand their meaning within the right context. The onus rests heavily on us to correct any such false impressions. Furthermore, based on Christian involvement, Theology is not merely for our academic indulgence but a motivation for action. While we get exposed to our failure, we are compelled to underline the reason for this involvement. One of the main reasons for an engagement in environmental action is because we are Christians who believe in the creator of God. This means our environmental action is not merely because we want to show that we are Christian or that we want to lure others into becoming Christians, it is a concern we cannot help but demonstrate. It is therefore a spontaneous response because we are Christian. Another positive reason for Christian involvement in solving the environmental 'White,L. L.; 1967;"The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis," in Science; pp. 1203-1207 retrieved on 17th February, 2019. FORTUNATUS GODWIN PONTIFEX ALABI ; 106 and ecological crisis is that there is a biblical mandate for us to be stewards of God's creation. The crisis we face is to do with the misuse, even overuse of our resources. We that believe in a God who created heaven and earth, and accept that this God has entrusted the care of creation to us, will need to demonstrate a greater sense of responsibility. On the contrary, we have carelessly squandered our resources, taking for granted that they will endlessly be available for our selfish consumption. God will provide, we assure ourselves. A careful look at the Bible will reveal that ecological and environmental concerns are very much central to its message. The word of God starts with the glorious account of God's creation. God promised the best of created things to the people he made to be his own. The prophets looked forward to a renewed creation. Jesus displayed a very positive attitude to all that was around him. Paul spoke about creation groaning for redemption, just as much as human beings are groaning. The final book, Revelation, concludes with a glowing description of the new heavens and the new earth, a glorious continuity of what God has already done for the world.s Nature and Causes of Environmental and Ecological Crisis We can never exhaust the many waste caused by man's daily damage nature and create environmental and ecological crises through deliberate action, selfishness, carelessness, poverty and ignorance. The situation cannot continue unchecked if man and nature are to survive. Furthermore, in a situation like this, what is the role of Christian Theologians? At this stage, it is necessary to examine the creation of man and nature as stated in the bible and the mandate God gave to man concerning nature. In the same vein, Dewitt had earlier furnished us with seven crises of degradations of creation enveloping earth. They are: land conversion and habitat destruction; species extinction; land degradation; resource conversion and wastes and hazards production; global toxification; alteration of planetary exchange and; human and cultural degradation.' To better understand the profound of the environmental and ecological situations, we need to know that the current world population is estimated at 7.8billion with Nigeria's population of 206million coming seventh as the 20 most populated countries in the world. Never before have had human beings wielded so much power over creation combines 'with the ability of humans to amplify muscular strength with instruments that press earth's immense energy systems into our service, making humans to a sCalvinDeWitt (ed.); The Environmental and Creation: what can we learn from the New Testament?; Baker: Michigan; 1991; pp. 44-47. 'Samuel Abogunrin,. Biblical Studies and the Environment, in Manus, C.U. ed. Biblical Studies and Environmental Issues in Africa. in Biblical Studies and Environmental Issues in Africa„ ed. Manus Chris (NABIS Western Zone: Ibadan, 2009), 1-12. 1071 ECO-THEOLOGY AS PANACEA FOR ENVIRONMENTAL -ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA. formidable force." Eco-Theology from the Christian Perspective The major source of ethics is the religion where the idea of what is right and what is wrong are established as standards of behaviour. This is why theologians are competent to get involved in the issues of environmental and ecological crisis and proffer solutions to this lingering problem. Earth is imperilled and human activities are adversely impacting the land, water, air, animals, plants and myriad forms of biological life that comprise the ecosystems of our planet. Can theology make a positive contribution to preventing further destruction of biological diversity and ecosystems and threats to the creations of God? Yes, I think it can. This paper affirms that God is indeed distinct from creation, yet deeply involved in it. The involvement of God arises not from natural necessity but triune God's free love and grace. God the Son, as the eternal Word, gives form to all creatures and became human flesh, with which all creatures are interconnected; while God the Spirit breathes energy into all!' In the Old Testament, the creation account begins by showing the threefold relationship between God, creation and humanity. This relationship is later exemplified in the covenant with Israel which includes the people of Israel, the gift of the land of Israel and their responsibility for it to God. The well-being or despoliation of the land was connected with their obedience or disobedience. In the New Testament, this triadic relationship of God, people of Israel and the land of God is reaffirmed and extended as the triad of God, the new people of God and the liberation of all creation. God's call to faith in Jesus Christ includes the call to care for and work towards the transformation of all creation. God's purpose for creation includes the development of urban areas. Concern for creation should not compete with but should include and enhance the development of a healthy urban environment. Although all creatures receive life ultimately from God, human beings are intertwined with all other creatures, and in this case dependent upon them for life. Yet, humans are also called to a special task of caring for creation in a shepherdly manner since they reflect God's image in a unique way." *Calvin DeWitt, ed, The Environmental and Creation; what can we learn from the New Testament? (Baker: Michigan. 1991), 44-47. Nathan Andreas, Ecology: A Theological Response. (Gurukul: Madras, 1994), 32. I2D. Daniel Chetti, (ed.) Ecology and Development: Theological Perspectives. (BTE, Senate of Serampore College: Madras. 1994), 22,62. FORTUNATUS GODWIN PONTIFEX ALABI 108 Nigeria's environment, like every other part of the Earth Planet, is witnessing an unprecedented crisis largely due to anthropogenic misuse and abuse. As stated earlier, this has resulted in a situation where human and non-human resource is endangered. Everyone seems to underscore the need for a responsible stewardship and integrity of creation. Using The Earth Bible Project as launched in 2002, being aware of the heritage of anthropocentric approach to everything with little or no regard at all for other creations like animal, plants, etc., and the ensuing devaluation of the Earth, I see the need to take up the cause of justice for Earth to ascertain the level of the contributions of the Osun State Christians to environmental crises, whether positively or negatively, as the case maybe. Accordingly, six eco-theological related principles have been established by namely: 1. The principle of intrinsic worth: The universe, Earth and all its components have intrinsic worth/value; 2. The principle of interconnectedness: Earth is a community of interconnected living things that are mutually dependent on each other for life and survival; 3. The principle of voice: Earth is a subject capable of raising its voice in celebration and against injustice; 4. The principle of purpose: The universe, Earth and all its components are part of dynamic cosmic design within which each piece has a place in the overall goal of that design; 5. The principle of mutual custodianship: Earth is a balanced and diverse domain where responsible custodians can function as partners with, rather than rulers over Earth to sustain its balance and diverse Earth community; 6. The principle of resistance: Earth and its components not only suffer from human injustices but actively resist them in the struggle for justice." In addition to the above list, I suggest the following as being Biblical/Christian statements of God's ownership of all: a. I am the Alpha and the Omega, the First and the End (Rev. 22:13); b. The earth is the Lord's, and everything in it, the world, and all who live in it (Ps. 24:1); c. To the Lord your God belong the heavens, even the highest heavens, the earth and everything in it (Deut. 10:14); d. The land must not be sold permanently, because the land is mine and you are but aliens and my tenants (Lev. 25:23); uE. J. Udo, "An Eco-Theological Reading of John 9:1-17: Implications for Nigeria's Environmental Sustainability" in African Journal of Biblical Studies. An International Journal of Biblical Studies, (NABIS: Ibadan, 2016), 1-22. 109 ECO-THEOLOGY AS PANACEA FOR ENVIRONMENTAL -ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA. e. Who has a claim against me that I must pay? Everything under heaven belongs to me (Job 41:11). God's ownership of all is further supported and sustained theologically on the understanding of His holiness as found in such verses like: Gen. 1:2; Ps. 104:113; I Chr. 29:10-20; Col. 1:16 and Rev. 1:8. Christians in Osun State have severally responded to the ecological crises through direct and indirect involvement in weekly and monthly environmental sanitation exercise. Pastors have also preached on the restoration of correct doctrine, restoration of Christianity as guide to the right path of being light and salt of the world and balancing of the Bible and biology. Several lectures have also taken place on same by the Osun State chapters of Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN), Pentecostal Fellowship of Nigeria (PFN), Africa Instituted Churches (AIC) and Christian Council of Nigeria (CCN). Osun State Christians feel obligated to the stewardship of creation because of their focus on the Creator of nature. They are both part of the stakeholders and part of the problems the environment encounters. Jh 9:1-17 gives us an eco-theological stance in the healing of the blind man. The fact that Jesus kneads the earth (clay) with spittle and rubs the concoction on the blind man's eyes and direct him to go to the pool of Siloam to wash off his bad sight is ecologically instructive. The man had his sight restored by the water, placing this text within the literary context of Johannine writings, Udo" indicates that this passage reinforces Jesus' position as the son of God in whom and from whom all things were made and fulfilled (Jh 1:3). Jesus is presented as the light of the world, a stance that negates darkness, and by implication blindness. In John chapter 9, however, Jesus is also portrayed as connecting himself as the light and the water of life with the very stuff of life. In so doing, he is affirming the worth of these components of creation. Reading from the earth perspective, the author agreeing with Udo15 examines the different representations of water discernible in John chapter 9 and argues that that passage provides examples of water in literal and symbolic forms: as a pool and spittle as well as a metaphor for Jesus, who is depicted as being the 'living water' in this text. He rightly contends that Jesus' use of water as spittle and instructions given to the blind man to wash in the pool of Siloam, reinforce the intrinsic worth of water. Therefore, water's intrinsic worth is inclusive to its '4E. J. Udo, "An Eco-Theological Reading of John 9:1-17: Implications for Nigeria's Environmental Sustainability" in African Journal of Biblical Studies. An International Journal of Biblical Studies, (NABIS: Ibadan, 2016), 1-22. uE. J. Udo, "An Eco-Theological Reading of John 9:1-17: Implications for Nigeria's Environmental Sustainability" in African Journal of Biblical Studies. An International Journal of Biblical Studies, (NABIS: Ibadan, 2016),1-22. FORTUNATUS GODWIN PONTIFEX ALABI ;110 utilitarian value. The narrative provides the rationale to make us come to a better appreciation of the earth and its resources to renew our living conditions. All the material objects used in the story come from the created order: Hence, this biblical account demonstrates that the environment is friendly, good, curative and worth sustaining. Thus, by the images of God in us, humans, we have 'a responsibility to cultivate and to care for creation whose resources inebriate us. In the materials employed to heal the blind man, our attention is drawn to "the dignity of the earth and all living things" in it. Jesus teaches us to recognise this "interconnectedness" between human and the rest of creation. Osun State and Environmental Problems In a flashback news, it was reported that, in Governor Aregbesola's inaugural speech, he set it out that the government was going to focus on the area of flood and disaster management.16 The governor immediately commenced the dredging of some rivers in Osogbo, Ile-Ife, Ilesa, Iwo and other parts of the state in a bid to solve the problem of flooding and to avert the menace of flood in the state. Several steps were taken by the administration towards maintaining a green environment. The beautification of major cities commenced in earnest with the avenue tree planting from Asejire to Osogbo under the O'Clean Initiative, while the government made it mandatory for every secondary school student to plant a tree. In the words of the governor, "Environmental health issues will continue to be placed in the front burner by the incumbent administration. The metamorphosis of the erstwhile Osun State Environmental Protection Agency into the Osun State Waste Management Authority is to reposition the agency towards achieving effectiveness and efficiency in tackling solid waste matters. The government will also collaborate in the current fiscal year with private investors under the Public and Private Partnership Initiative in recycling waste." The governor continues, The O'Clean initiative has been of immense benefit to the state in terms of the increased visible cleanliness of our environment. The maintenance of a clean environment is very germane to healthy living. The government will continue in its crusade in this regard with vigour in the current fiscal year. Necessary support in terms of human and financial resources will be given to the Ministry of Environment and Sanitation as well as the Osun "Osun Defender, "Aregbesola Comments Christians for Standing for Justice, promises quantitative", (www.osundefender.org,), 2012. 111 ; ECO-THEOLOGY AS PANACEA FOR ENVIRONMENTAL -ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA. State Waste Management Authority to further activities in promoting environmental development." From the foregoing, it is clear that Osun State had started a campaign for environmental cleanliness to foster environmental sustainability among the people. But, to what extent can the steps taken so far help to solve environmental problems, especially when the level of attention paid to changing the status quo in this regard by the current administration compared to the level of attention given and funds allotted to other things of lesser importance, one would conclude that it is not up to a drop of water in an ocean. In an interview, the State's Commissioner for Environment was quoted to have stated that; "the governor was proactive and was able to identify all the problems confronting the people of Osun State and he felt that whatever could be done to reduce or get rid of flooding in the state should be done. The first thing he did was to tackle drainage and the entire cleaning network of the state. This is like an emergency cleaning because the state was dirty and all those old ways of doing things by people, such as dropping nylon and wastes that block the water-ways had to be addressed"". The commissioner concluded by saying that; Therefore, before last year's rains, we commenced the emergency cleaning all through the state. Presently, we have sanitation exercises every Thursday for markets, Fridays for offices, and Saturdays for general cleaning. Recently, we removed over 36 lorry-loads of waste from a stream and a river. We use massive machine floaters to dig into the waterways that have been blocked with waste so that the water can flow. Though it is costing a lot of money, it has to be done to tackle the problem effectively." Notwithstanding all the above claims and credits, this paper is of the opinion that Osun State is full of major environmental crises like depletion, desertification, deforestation, climate change and drought. "Osun Defender, "Aregbesola Comments Christians for Standing for Justice, promises quantitative", (www.osundefender.org), 2012. "The Guardian, "The Mission to clean Osun State, by Commissioner", (2012), 16. "The Guardian, "The Mission to clean Osun State, by Commissioner", (2012), 16. FORTUNATUS GODWIN PONTIFEX ALABI :112 Deforestation and Desertification Deforestation is the term used to describe cutting down or clearing of trees from the forest. There are a number of reasons woodlands or forests are cut down. In some cases, the trees themselves are the desired resource. Trees have been a source of fuel for many generations up until today. They are also turned into timber for use in building and carpentry as well as being used in the production of paper products. In other cases, trees are cleared because they are in the way of progress. Forests may be cleared to make room for farmland, grazing land for cattle, or make room for new houses, neighbourhoods or expanding cities. Some deforestation is not intentional and can be as a result of natural causes, such as wildfires. Regardless of the cause, deforestation can be detrimental to the environment. A forest acts as a carbon sink because it absorbs carbon-dioxide from the atmosphere during the process of photosynthesis. When trees are destroyed, they release their stored carbon-dioxide back it to the atmosphere, which contributes to the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is the phenomenon whereby atmospheric gases, like carbon-dioxide, trap the sun's heat, causing the earth's surface to warm. Simply put, forest is a thick growth of trees and undergrowth on a large scale of land, so that when we talk of forests, we are referring to at least six types of trees and shrubs: (a.) Broad leaf trees, known for their autumn colours, bare winter branches and spring flowers, which develops into fruits; (b) Needle leaf trees with scale-like leaves and plain flowers; (c.) Palms with pandamus and lily trees, found mainly in the tropics; (d.) Cycad trees also in warm moist regions; and (e) Tree farms with no flowers, fruits or seeds." In addition, Faniran (2001b) opines that; "Trees and shrubs are not only among the largest plants, they also constitute the ultimate land vegetation, suggesting that they form the bulk of the plants at creation." These trees may shade houses while their buds, flowers, and fruits tell the seasons of the year in addition to providing food and other supports for human, animals, and the land. The harmful effects of deforestation can also be seen on land. Without trees to protect soil and hold it in place, soil erosion or the washing away of soil can occur during periods of rain. Trees also play a vital role in the water cycle which is the constant movement of water between the earth and the atmosphere. Tree roots absorb water from the ground and return water vapour back to the 2°M. Zimmerman, "Environment" Encarta. Redmond: WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2009). 113 ECO-THEOLOGY AS PANACEA FOR ENVIRONMENTAL -ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA. atmosphere. If trees are removed and can no longer contribute to the water cycle, the previously forested land can transform into a much drier climate. This dry environment can spread due to a decrease in atmospheric water vapour and results in a decline in precipitation levels in the area. These factors combine to create a warmer and drier climate and may result in desertification that is the transformation of once fertile land into desert. Deforestation is not the only cause of desertification.21 Land can turn dry and barren due to drought, shifts in the climate or aggressive agricultural or grazing practices. All of these causes, along with deforestation, lead to the loss of vegetation in the area. Without the vegetation, soil erosion accelerates and water does not easily absorb into the ground. The soil becomes dry and deplete of moisture and groundwater reserves go unfilled. The soil is left unfertile and barren with nothing to do but bake in the hot sun. In many parts of Osun State, taking Orile-Owu and its environs, Ayedaade Local Government Area as a case study, deforestation has become a major environmental problem militating against forest conservation. In Ilesa, unlawful mining of gold and other mineral resources has become the order of the day. About fourteen of the illegal miners were recently arrested by the Osun State Command of the Amotekun Security Operatives (a type of State Police put together by the South West Region to curtail crimes across the region). Nigeria is in the tropical rainforest region such that reasons for forest preservation apply to the country in general. When trees are lost to deforestation, the result can be a drier climate and desertification or the transformation of the once fertile land to desert and therefore lead to a decline in biological diversity.22 Ozone Depletion and Climate change Ozone depletion is a gradual thinning of earth's ozone layer in the upper atmosphere caused by the release of chemical compounds containing gaseous chlorine or bromine from industry and other human activities. Ozone depletion is a major environmental problem because it increases the amount ultraviolet (UV) radiation that reaches earth's surface, which increases the rate of skin cancer, eye cataracts, and genetic and immune system damage. In 1969,a Dutch chemist, Paul Crutzen, published a paper that described the major nitrogen oxide catalytic cycle affecting ozone levels. He demonstrated that nitrogen oxides can react with free oxygen atoms, therefore slowing the creation of "Gabriel Finny, Probit Analysis, 3rd edition, (Cambridge: London. 1980), 12, 32. 'Fortunatus Alabi,"A theological Assessment of Anthropogenic Sources of environmental Pollution and its Impacts on Sustainable Development among Christians in Osun State, Nigeria", A Ph.D dissertation in Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria, (unpublished), 2017. FORTUNATUS GODWIN PONTIFEX ALABI ;114 ozone (03), and can also decompose ozone into nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and oxygen gas (02). Since ozone is a greenhouse gas, the breakdown and anticipated recovery of the ozone layer affects earth's climate.23 Climate change is a periodic modification of earth's climate brought about as a result of changes in the atmosphere as well as interactions between the atmosphere and various other geologic, chemical, biological and geographical factors within the earth's system. Global Warming or Climate Change increases in the average temperature of earth's atmosphere, oceans and landmasses. Scientists believe earth is currently facing a period of rapid warming brought on by rising levels of heat-trapping gases, known as greenhouse gases, in the atmosphere.24 Greenhouse gases retain the radiant energy (heat) provided to earth by the Sun in a process known as the greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gases occur naturally and without them the planet would be too cold to sustain life as we know it. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the mid-1700s, human activities have added more and more of these gases into the atmosphere. For example, levels of carbon-dioxide, a powerful greenhouse gas, have risen by 35 percent since 1750, largely from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas. With more greenhouse gases in the mix, the atmosphere acts like a thickening blanket and traps more heat.25 Besides other factors in Ayedaade Local Government Area, felling and burning of trees to produce charcoal is also a means of livelihood which adds to the problems of climate change and deforestation. There are many types of greenhouse gases like; Carbon-dioxide which is the second most abundant greenhouse gas, after water vapour. Others are Methane, Nitrous, Ozone, Synthetic, Chemicals and Aerosols all of which are directly or indirectly present in Osun State because environmental issues are trans-border matters. In another dimension, it is opined that humans are significantly increasing the amount of carbon-dioxide released to the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels (such as coal, oil and natural gas), solid wastes and wood together with wood products to heat buildings, drive vehicles and generate electricity.' At the same time, the number of trees available to absorb carbon-dioxide through photosynthesis has been greatly reduced by deforestation and widespread cutting of trees for lumber or to clear land for agriculture. From the perspective u S. Foster, A. Lawrence, & B. Morris, "Ground Water in Urban Development: assessing Management Needs and Formulating Policy Strategies".World Bank Technical Document no 390.(Washington DC. 1998), 55. "Oyebamiji Fafioye, Environmental Pollution and Health Management. (College Press: Ago-Iwoye, 2009), 3-9. Oyebamiji Fafioye, & C. Y Jeje, "Toxicity of the Herbicides PrimextraGramoxone on two species of Tilapia fish", Bioscience Research Communications, (Bioscience Research Communications 2000), 14. z6 S. Foster, A. Lawrence, & B. Moths, "Ground Water in Urban Development: assessing Management Needs and Formulating Policy Strategies".World Bank Technical Document no 390.(Washington DC. 1998), 55. 1151 ECO-THEOLOGY AS PANACEA FOR ENVIRONMENTAL -ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA. of Bickerstaff and Walker, human activities are causing carbon-dioxide to be released to the atmosphere much faster than earth's natural processes.27 In addition, Finny is also not different in his assertion saying carbon-dioxide can remain in the atmosphere a century or more before nature can be disposed of it. Before the advent of Industrial Revolution in the mid-1700s, there were about 280 molecules of carbon-dioxide per million molecules of air (abbreviated as parts per million or ppm). Concentrations of carbon-dioxide have risen since then as industrial production and fossil fuel-based transportation and electricity generation have spread around the world, accelerating in the last 50 years. In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a major scientific organisation, reported that levels of carbon-dioxide had risen to a record high of 379 ppm and are increasing on an average of 1.9 ppm per year.28 Overview of Solid Wastes and Management in Nigeria The quantity and generation rate of solid wastes in Nigeria is increasing over the years with the lack of efficient and modern technology for its management. During the flourishing of civilisations from 300-1000 D.C., solid waste in capital and large cities were placed in large pits29 with a layer of soil cover.39 The municipal refuge is referred to as any waste generated by the domestic and industrial sectors in the municipality. The municipal solid waste is heterogeneous and it contains papers, plastics, rags, metals, glass pieces, ashes and compatible matters.m Also, other substance like scrap materials, waste papers, dead animals, discarded chemicals, paints, hazardous hospital waste and agricultural residue are categorised as municipal solid waste.32 To date, the biomedical waste generated from clinics, hospitals, nursing homes, pathological laboratories, blood banks and veterinary centres have also been disposed of along with municipal solid waste at a dumpsite. Increasing population growth accompanied by rapid urbanisation and industrialisation has resulted in dramatic increases in the volume of wastes generated by modern societies. An increase in economic activities and food consumption by humans and changing lifestyles generate a massive volume of domestic wastes which creates a critical 271(.. Bickerstaff, &G.Walker,.Public Understanding of our Pollution: The Localization of Environmental Risk. (Global Environ Change, 2012), 46. Gabriel Finny,Probit Analysis, 3rd edition, (Cambridge: London. 1980), 12, 32. "A.O. Akinro, 0. B. Ikumawoyl, Y. Olotu, & M. M. Ologunagba, Environmental impacts of polyethylene generation and disposal in Akure City, Nigeria'.Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Agriculture and Biology.(2012), 142. '°N. I. Dhayagode, N. G. Shinde, & R. S. Paradeshi, "posal of municipal solid waste and its impacts on the Agriculture soil property in Shelgi Village of Solarpur District" Geoscince Research. (2011), 79, 82. '1C. Linard, M. Gilbert, R. W. Snow, A. M. Noor, & A. J. Tatem, 'Population distribution, settlement patterns and accessibility across in 2010.' PLOS one. (2012), 104-128. 3b. 0. Olubanjo,. & J. T. Fasinmirin,. "Pollution effects of solids waste disposal on groundwater and soils in Akure, Nigeria". Nigeria Journal of Soil and Tillage Research, (2015), 96 FORTUNATUS GODWIN PONTIFEX ALABI :116 problem in the developed and developing countries of the world.3334 More than 25% of the municipal solid waste is not collected at all while 70% of the Nigerian cities lack adequate capacity to transport it.35 Solid waste management has emerged as a major environmental threat to cities in developing countries worldwide. In a survey released by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 1997, 151. mayors from around the world ranked solid waste disposal problems as their second most urgent urban challenges surpassed only by unemployment and followed by urban poverty.3637 Solid waste poses various threats to public health and adversely affects flora and fauna as well as the environment especially when it is not appropriately collected and disposed.3839 Besides the above-mentioned effects of solid wastes, they result in the emission of toxic chemicals to the atmosphere and the soil whenever they are degraded or burnt. The trees absorb these toxins through their root system which retards growth rates and consistently results to death.° Solid waste management has today gained notoriety in Nigeria because of its visibility and the embarrassment it has constituted to the image of the nation.4142 Only a few state capitals in Nigeria have been able to put in place fairly sustainable urban waste management programmes. It is therefore a common sight to find heaps of waste scattered all over our cities for days, even weeks, with no apparent effort in place at getting rid of them despite the attendant risk of air and groundwater pollution. It is asserts that Polyethylene materials are those materials made from a chemical compound known as polythene (C and manufactured from the polymerisation of ethylene (C- H)„,„ Polyethylene refers to products from the main groups of polythene, High-Density Polythene "V. C.Ozebo, C. 0. Ogunkoya, G. 0. Layade, V. Makinde, & A. L. Bisilimi, Evaluation of aeromagnetic data of Ilesha area of Osun state Nigeria using analytical signal (ASM) and local wave number (LWN). J. Appl. Sci. Environment Manage. (2017), 340. 0.0lubanjo,.Environmental Impacts of Polyethylene Generation and Disposal in Ilesha City, Osun State, Nigeria. ABUAD Journal of Engineering Research and Development, (2019), 44. 35E. H. Ezechi, C. G. Nwabuke, 0. C. Enyinnaya, & C. J. Babington, 'Municipal solid waste management in Aba, Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects'.Environmental Engineering Research, (2017), 105. 3°A.O. Akinro, 0. B. Ikumawoyi, Y Olotu, & M. M. Ologunagba, 'Environmental impacts of polyethylene generation and disposal in Akure City, Nigeria'.Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Agriculture and Biology. (2012), 142. 37 0. K.Agagu, 'Garbage will it bury us? Threats to the Nigerian Environment: A Call for Positive Action'. A Paper Delivered at Chief S. L. Educational Memorial Lecture, Nigerian Conservation Foundation, (Lagos, 2009), 88. mA.M James, Managing Livestock Wastes, (AVI Publishing Company: London. 1991), 11-13. 39G John, & H. William, Making wastes work: A strategy for sustainable waste management in England and Wales. (Department of Environment and Work Office: England. 1993), 53-64. '°N. I. Dhayagode, N. G. Shinde, & R. S. Paradeshi, "posal of municipal solid waste and its impacts on the Agriculture soil property in Shelgi Village of Solarpur District" Geoscince Research. (2011), 79, 82. 410. K.Agagu, 'Garbage will it bury us? Threats to the Nigerian Environment: A Call for Positive Action'. A Paper Delivered at Chief S. L. Educational Memorial Lecture, Nigerian Conservation Foundation, (Lagos, 2009), 88. 4E. H. Ezechi, C. G. Nwabuke, 0. C. Enyinnaya, & C. J. Babington, 'Municipal solid waste management in Aba, Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects'.Environmental Engineering Research, (2017), 105. 430. 0..Olubanjo,.Environmental Impacts of Polyethylene Generation and Disposal in Ilesha City, Osun State, Nigeria. ABUAD Journal of Engineering Research and Development, (2019), 44. 117 ECO-THEOLOGY AS PANACEA FOR ENVIRONMENTAL -ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA. and Low-DensityPolythene. Polyethylene is a chemical substance that possesses toxic properties, resist degradation, bio-accumulate and are transported through air, water and migratory species, across international boundaries and are ultimately deposited far from their place of release, where they can accumulate in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.44 Polyethylene is an odorless, translucent solid, commercially available in pellet form which is convertible to derivative products such as the polythene bags. It is very resistant to chemical attack. They possess certain qualities and properties which make them readily usable; these include high tensile, stiffness, compressive strength and impact resistance &Rawat (2015). Human activities generate many by-products that are generally seen as useless and discarded as wastes.46 These massive amounts of wastes subsequently find their ways into the ground, air and water every year:" Polyethylene materials are used widely in many low-performance consumer products for wrapping, storage of beverages, toys and high-performance products like car components, bulletproof suits and the likes.4849 They have substituted ferrous, wood and ceramic materials in many applications for which reason, polyethylene consumption has increased exponentially in the past decades. The average per capita solid waste generation in Nigeria has increased from 0.32 kg per day between 1971 and 1973 to 0.48 kg per day in 1994. Daily per capita generation of municipal solid waste in Nigeria ranges from about 100gm in small towns to 500gm in big towns. The ESPRIT in 2005 showed that 23 big Nigerian cities generate 19 million tons of solid waste every year. But now, Nigeria's urban centres produce 120,000 tons of solid waste on daily basis. It is expected that it will reach 300 million tons per annum by the end of 2047.5° Polyethylene is found in the entire streets, nooks and crannies of Osun State. They, therefore, pose serious environmental problems to inhabitants, especially where solid wastes are deposited in both urban and rural areas. In Nigeria and Osun State in particular, the Church, theologians and the government need to turn to an earth-centred perspective. Each mineral "A.O. Akinro, 0. B. Ikumawoyi, Y. Olotu, & M. M. Ologunagba, 'Environmental impacts of polyethylene generation and disposal in Akure City, Nigeria'. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Agriculture and Biology.(2012), 142. 4sE I. Aziegbe, 'Seasonality and environmental impact status of polyethylene (cellophane) generation and disposal in Benin City, Nigeria'. ed., J. Human EcoL (2007),141-147 "V. C.Ozebo, C. O. Ogunkoya, G. 0. Layade, V. Makinde, & A. L. Bisilimi, Evaluation of aeromagnetic data of Ilesha area of Osun state Nigeria using analytical signal (ASM) and local wave number (LWN). J. Appl. Sci. Environment Manage. (2017) "G. Baxter, P. Strisaeng, & G. Wild, 'An assessment of airport sustainability, part 1: Waste management at Capanhagen airport'. Resources, (2018), 20-32. E. E. Nvzosu,8c G. T. Pepple, Site selection and analysis of solid waste dumpsites in Ile -Ife, Nigeria. FIG Working Week, (Christchurch: New Zealand. 2016), 81-95 "S. Ray/at, Food spoilage: microorganism and their prevention. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research. (2015),47-56. "E. H. Ezechi, C. G. Nwabuke, O. C. Enyinnaya, & C. J. Babington, 'Municipal solid waste management in Aba, Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects'.Environmental Engineering Research, (2017), 105. FORTUNATUS GODWIN PONTIFEX ALABI 118 component contributes to the health and stability of the earth system to ecological system, such that any impairment to any one component affects the rest, it is as Apostle Paul describes it to the Church, in I Corinthians 12:12-30. This interdependence, interconnection and interrelationship is expressed in many ways, the popular of which are the water cycle, the rock cycle, the biochemical cycles, carbon cycle, nutrient cycle and oxygen cycle. In all these ways, nature maintains its health or stability in reference to the divine order. Some of these cycles are described in Ecclesiastes 1:4-7. Table water sachet topped the list of polyethylene materials that are used widely, including in Osun State followed by cream and biscuit wrappers, especially in the dry season. Ezechi et al noted that among the non-biodegradable solid waste generated, polyethylene is mostly affected by seasonality!' Efforts of environmental scientists in Osun State are highly solicited in researching all possibilities of making sustainable solid waste management.52 More th ever before, the Government should reinforce waste collection and disposal systems in every state while strengthening and enforcing the appropriate laws because the problem is as dangerous as Covid-19 to improve the environment and reduce the negative impacts of polyethylene on the society!' Conclusion and Recommendations The missing link in my opinion is the non-awareness application of the divine laws and models as contained in the Bible as this will redirect our attention to recognising God as the Supreme owner of the universe and accept limitation of human authority and also respect but not worship nature. The doctrine of creation of all things by God is vital to the understanding of man's management of the things created and his accountability to God for managing them. Indiscriminate polyethylene disposal has constituted environmental nuisance and degradation. The environmental control of polyethylene waste by recycling method will help in transforming the waste into reusable products thereby reducing the quantity of waste in the Nigerian environment. It should be stated here that there is a close synergy between politics, economics, war, culture, technology, urbanisation, the internet, globalisation, theology and environmental and ecological issues. If the governing ethic of human action were that 'the earth is the Lord's and all that it contains'; if human beings resolved to bless and keep the creation as the Creator blesses and keeps people; "E. H. Ezechi, C. G. Nwabuke, O. C. Enyinnaya, & C.). Babington, 'Municipal solid waste management in Aba, Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects'.Environmental Engineering Research, (2017), 105. "O. 0. Olubanjo,. Environmental Impacts of Polyethylene Generation and Disposal in Ilesha City, Osun State, Nigeria. ABUAD Journal of Engineering Research and Development, (2019),44. "N. 0. Ogunna, "Waste disposal systems in a tropical city". Times New Bulletin, (1999), 14-19. 119 ; ECO-THEOLOGY AS PANACEA FOR ENVIRONMENTAL -ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA. if actions were to affirm the long-standing belief that avarice and greed are vices, and if we asked 'what is right?' before decisions are made, then there would be no ecological and environmental crisis. Indicators of global warming and holes in the ozone layer inhibit functions vital to the biosphere. Environmental and ecological damage to the planet becomes damaging to human health and well-being and too often that environmental and ecological damages affect those who are least able to protect themselves. Theologians and indeed all Christians should individually and collectively, as a matter of obligation, permanent commitment to environmental and ecological protection. Stemming environmental and ecological crisis demands that theologians take into account ecological norms as part of the mandate of Jesus in Matthew 28:19-20 which is to preach the Goodnews. As a step further, the key to environmental and ecological balance are: recognition of the source of environmental and ecological crisis, recognition of God as the Supreme owner of the universe, acceptance of the limitation of human authority, respect for nature, control of deforestation and desertification, subsidising the cost of kerosene and cooking gas, well-planned towns and cities, provision of amenities, curbing corruption and Christian doctrine on environmental and ecological crisis and their relationship with human and other creatures. For market cleaner and sustainable environments, vigorous enlightenment campaigns, proper collection techniques and recycling among others are recommended. The existing landfills are neither well equipped nor managed and are not lined properly to protect against contamination of soil and groundwater. To resolve environmental pollution caused by polyethylene wastes in Nigeria, we have to adopt a new management of the discarding process (i.e. re-cycling them) instead of throwing them into the land as landfills. It is also recommended that public awareness on proper disposal of wastes in Osun State, especially, in cities and towns (such as Osogbo and Gbongan) will prevent gutters leading to flooding. Eradication of breeding places for mosquitoes that cause hazardous diseases, establishment of or attracting recycling company to the State, in turn, the deadly waste to great wealth. Research should also be funded by the Osun State Government to develop a polyethylene that can be biodegradable. In addition to all the above dimensions, recognition of the source of environmental crises, control of deforestation, subsidising the price of kerosene and cooking gas, well planned towns and cities and provision of social amenities will do much in tackling these identified environmental and ecological crises like depletion, desertification and deforestation, climate changes, drought and floods and other natural and manmade problems like solid wastes and management with pollution topping the list threaten life on earth. FORTUNATUS GODWIN PONTIFEX ALABI :120 References Abe, G.; 2009; "Biblical Basis for Environmental Concerns," in Manus, C. U. (ed.); Biblical Studies and Environmental Issues in Africa; NABIS Western Zone: Ibadan; 29-38. Abogunrin, S.; 2009; "Biblical Studies and the Environment Issues in Africa" in Manus, C. U. (ed.); Biblical Studies and Environmental Issues in Africa; NABIS Western Zone: Ibadan; 1-12. Agagu, 0. K.; 2009; 'Garbage will it bury us? 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The Guardian, 2012; "The Mission to clean Osun State: Commissioner". Udo, E. J.; 2016; "An Eco-Theological Reading of John 9:1-17: Implications for Nigeria's Environmental Sustainability" in African Journal of Biblical Studies; NABIS: Ibadan; 122. White, L. L.; 1967; "The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis," in Science; retrieved 17th February, 2019. Zimmerman, M.; 2009;"Environment" Encarta; Redmond; WA: Microsoft Corporation. NOTE ON CONTRIBUTOR Fortunatus Godwin Pontifex Alabi Ph.Dlectures in the Department of Christian Religious Studies, Faculty of Arts, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria. Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 Page 7 Page 8 Page 9 Page 10 Page 11 Page 12 Page 13 Page 14 Page 15 Page 16 Page 17 Page 18 Page 19 Page 20 Page 21 Page 22 Page 23