Department of Biochemistry

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Acid Activation of Groundnut Husk for Copper Adsorption: Kinetics and Equilibrium Studies
(Desalination Publications., 2017-08) Olukanni, Olumide
In this study, the use of cheap unmodified and acid-modified agricultural waste primed from groundnut husk as adsorbents for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution were examined in a batch process under different experimental conditions. Fourier transform infrared characterization of the adsorbent before and after the adsorption process revealed the likely involvement of various functional groups such as –COOH, –C=O, –NH2 and –OH− groups. Structural and morphological changes of the biomass were equally observed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analysis before and after adsorption of copper ions. Optimum experimental conditions were obtained to be the initial metal concentration of 50 mg L−1, contact time of 70 min, biomass dosage of 0.03 g and hydrogen ion concentration of 5.0. The kinetic studies showed that the sorption pattern of both biomasses followed pseudo-second-order model, while the isotherms studies revealed that the adsorption data were well governed by Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The monolayer adsorption capacity for unmodified groundnut husk was found to be 14.525 and 20.146 mg g−1 for acid-modified groundnut husk as computed from the Langmuir model equation. It can thus be concluded that waste groundnut husk can be used as a low cost and environmentally friendly adsorbent for Cu(II) ions removal from aqueous solution.
Acid Activation of Groundnut Husk for Copper Adsorption: Kinetics and Equilibrium Studies
(Desalination Publications, 2017-08) Olukanni, Olumide
In this study, the use of cheap unmodified and acid-modified agricultural waste primed from groundnut husk as adsorbents for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution were examined in a batch process under different experimental conditions. Fourier transform infrared characterization of the adsorbent before and after the adsorption process revealed the likely involvement of various functional groups such as –COOH, –C=O, –NH2 and –OH− groups. Structural and morphological changes of the biomass were equally observed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analysis before and after adsorption of copper ions. Optimum experimental conditions were obtained to be the initial metal concentration of 50 mg L−1, contact time of 70 min, biomass dosage of 0.03 g and hydrogen ion concentration of 5.0. The kinetic studies showed that the sorption pattern of both biomasses followed pseudo-second-order model, while the isotherms studies revealed that the adsorption data were well governed by Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The monolayer adsorption capacity for unmodified groundnut husk was found to be 14.525 and 20.146 mg g−1 for acid-modified groundnut husk as computed from the Langmuir model equation. It can thus be concluded that waste groundnut husk can be used as a low cost and environmentally friendly adsorbent for Cu(II) ions removal from aqueous solution.
Administration of Hyrocotyl bonariensis aqueous leaves extract Regulates Cardiovascular Diseases Risk Factors in galactose model of experimental cataractogenesis
(Academic Journals, 2012-04-16) Adebayo, Olusegun
Reports had indicated that Hydrocotyl bonariensis contains phytochemicals that can be exploited for the development of anticataractogenic agent. In the present study we investigated the effects of administration of the plant’s leaves extract on some cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in galactose model of experimental cataract. Twenty five (25) weanling rats randomly assigned to five groups were used in the study. Aqueous extract of H. bonariensis at 500 and 1000 mgKg-1 were administered to two different groups of the rats placed on galactose diet. Plasma lipid profile, fibrinogen and platelet count were then compared after 4 weeks treatment period between these groups and with the baseline, normal and test control groups. Result of the study indicates that galactose diet elicit significant increase in the plasma cholesterol, triglyceride and artherogenic risk index (AI) whereas simultaneous administration of the extract significantly (p<0.05) lowers the parameters. Fibrinogen and platelet count were also significantly (p<0.05) reduced in rats placed on galactose diet when administered with the extract. The result also suggests that the cardio protective effect of the extract was more pronounced at lower dose administration of the extract. The study indicates that pretreatment with H. bonariensis will reduce predisposition to CVD associated with cataract.
Aerobic Bacterial Degraders in Effluent from Itoku Textile Industry, Abeokuta
(Academic Journals: African Journal of Biotechnology, 2013-12-11) Olukanni, Olumide
The local textile industry in Itoku village is one major textile industry in Abeokuta Ogun state, known for “adire” production whose processes are not maintained at regulatory standards. This study involves isolating and identifying aerobic microorganisms in waste water effluents from this textile Industry and screening for aerobic degraders among the isolates. Fifty milliliter (50 ml) of three dye effluents; purple, brown and green were collected into sterile bottles and designated (Ef1), (Ef2) and (Ef3). Tap water was used as control (Cont). Isolation, identification and screening of isolates for percentage decolorization were done using standard method. Colony-forming units showed the trend Ef3 > Ef2> Ef1. Bacterial isolates included Bacillus megaterium, Staphylococcus simulans, Micrococcus varians, Bacillus niacinni, Lysinibacillus sp. and Bacillus carbonificus. Aneurinbacillus aneurinilytus alone was isolated from the control sample. Bacillus megaterium and Lysinibacillus sp. were the most predominant species in the effluents. S. simulans was the most efficient degrader and its use could be exploited.
Amelioration of Lead-induced Toxicity in Blood, Liver and Kidney Tissues of Male Wistar Rats by Fermented Ofada Rice
(Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 2015-08) Avwioroko, Oghenetega
The protective effects of ‘ofada’ rice koji (ORK, fermented ofada rice) and ascorbic acid (AA) against lead (Pb)-induced toxicity in the blood, liver and kidney tissues of male Wistar rats was investigated. The animals were divided into four treatment groups (A – D, n = 5). Groups B, C and D were intoxified by intra-peritoneal injection of 75 mg lead acetate/kg body weight. Groups C and D only had their feed mixed with ORK and AA, respectively. The results showed no significant difference in % packed cell volume (PCV) and Pb concentrations. Feeding with ORK and AA significantly decreased alanine aminotransferase activities (36.50 ± 3.54 and 34.02 ± 0.05 UL-1 respectively) compared to Pb-only treated group (85.50 ± 3.25 UL-1). The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) for organs increased significantly following intake of feeds mixed with ORK and AA; increases in FRAP was higher for ORK-treated group possibly due to increased total flavonoids concentration following fermentation. Furthermore, Pb-induced high plasma creatinine levels decreased upon treatment with feeds mixed with ORK and ascorbic acid. These findings strongly indicated that feed supplementation with ORK by 45% may be more effective at ameliorating the effects of Pb-induced toxicity in tissues compared to supplementation with AA by 2%.
Amine-Modified Kaolinite Clay Preserved Thyroid Function and Renal Oxidative Balance after Sub-Acute Exposure in Rats
(J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol, 2020) Avwioroko, Oghenetega
Objectives: Kaolinite clay is an abundant natural resource in Nigeria with several industrial applications. Incidentally, the wide-scale use of kaolinite clay is hampered by its small surface area. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of amine-modified clay on electrolyte, thyroid, and kidney function markers. Methods: Modification of kaolinite clay with an amine functional group was achieved using surface grafting technique. Characterization with a scanning electron microscope and Brunauer-Emmett Teller surface area analyzer confirmed this modification. However, there is sparse information on the effect of amine-modified kaolinite clay on electrolyte homeostasis, thyroid, and renal function. Rats were administered amine-modified kaolinite clay at the doses of 1, 2, and 5 mg/kg body weight. Results: After 14 days of repeated-dose treatment, there were no significant changes in levels of albumin, uric acid, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, ratio of triiodothyronine to thyroxine, and relative kidney organ weight. Furthermore, there were no changes in the concentration of potassium, although amine modified kaolinite clay significantly decreased sodium, calcium, and total cholesterol levels. Amine modified kaolinite clay, at all treatment doses, also preserved the renal histoarchitecture and oxidative balance in rats. Conclusions: This study reports on the effect of aminemodified kaolinite clay on renal markers and thyroid function, and further deepens our understanding of their biochemical action. This baseline data may boost the prospect of using amine-modified kaolinite clay in the treatment of contaminated water.
Anti-diabetic Effect of Combined Treatment with Aloe vera gel and Metformin on Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
(Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine, 2018) Avwioroko, Oghenetega
Aim: The present study investigated the effects of intensive glucose regulation with combined treatment of Aloe vera gel (a herbal agent) and Metformin in an alloxan-induced diabetic rat model. Methods: Forty rats were assigned to the following groups and treated for 21 days: Group 1 (normal untreated control), Group 2 (untreated diabetic rats, DR), Group 3 (DR + 300 mg/kg PE of Aloe vera ), Group 4 (DR + 2 mg/kg Metformin) and Group 5 (DR + 300 mg/kg PE of Aloe vera + 2 mg/kg Metformin). The effect of the treatments on fasting blood glucose (FBG) level, lipid profile, renal function, atherogenic index, pancreas and kidney histopathologies were assessed. Results: FBG level in Group 5 rats decreased by 28.4, 38.0 and 69.0% at Day 7, 14 and 21, respectively. Hyperlipidaemia, high atherogenic index, increased plasma creatinine and urea levels observed in the diabetic rats were ameliorated by the single and combined treatments with Aloe vera and Metformin. Reduced level of HDL-cholesterol in the untreated diabetic rats significantly improved by 160.0, 89.8 and 178.7% respectively in Group 3, 4 and 5 animals. The pancreas and kidney histopathologies indicated signs of recovery in Group 5 rats unlike those of Group 2 that had evidence of necrotic cells in both the acini and islet in pancreas and total glomeruli erosion in kidney. Conclusion: Aloe vera in combination with Metformin for treatment of diabetic patients could avert diabetes-associated dyslipidaemia, improve cellular integrity and increase, thereby preventing patients from risk of cardiovascular diseases and kidney failure
Anti-obesity, Antioxidant and In Silico Evaluation of Justicia carnea Bioactive Compounds as Potential Inhibitors of an Enzyme Linked with Obesity: Insights from Kinetics, Semi-empirical Quantum Mechanics and Molecular Docking Analysis
(ELSEVIER Biophysical Chemistry, 2021) Avwioroko, Oghenetega
Obesity is a global health problem characterized by excessive fat deposition in adipose tissues and can be managed by targeting pancreatic lipase (PL) activity. In the present study, we investigated the in vitro antioxidant and anti-obesity potentials of methanolic leaf extract of Justicia carnea(MEJC) using lipase inhibition kinetics model. In silico evaluations of MEJC bioactive compounds as potential drug-like agents and inhibitors of PL were also investigated using SwissADME prediction tool, semi empirical quantum mechanics(SQM), molecular electrostatic potential(MEP) and molecular docking analysis. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) revealed presence of campesterol, stigmasterol, beta-amyrin etc. MEJC scavenged reactive species and inhibited PL activity via a mixed inhibition pattern (Ki = 107.69 μg/mL; Kii = 398.00 μg/mL) with IC50 > orlistat’s IC50. Molecular docking of GC–MS identified compounds with porcine PL showed compounds 8,10,12 and 14 having high PL binding affinity and similar binding pose with orlistat. Hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals forces were predominantly involved in the ligands’ interactions with some key catalytic site amino acid residues (Ser-153,His-264). Compounds 10,12,13 and 14 indicated high drug-likeness, bioavailability, electronegativity, ELUMO-EHOMO energy gaps and MEP. Our findings show that MEJC is a rich natural source of antioxidant and anti-obesity agents which could be optimized for development of new anti obesity drugs.
The Anti-Parasite Action of Imidazole Derivatives Likely Involves Oxidative Stress but not HIF-1α Signaling.
(Elsevier, 2021-11-01) Otuechere, Chiagoziem
Background: Therapeutic options for toxoplasmosis are limited. This fact underscores ongoing research efforts to identify and develop better therapy. Previously, we reported the anti-parasitic potential of a new series of derivatives of imidazole. Objective: In the current investigation, we attempted the investigation of the possible action mechanism of few promising anti-parasite imidazole derivatives namely C1 (bis-imidazole), C2 (phenyl-substituted 1H-imidazole) and C3 (thiophene-imidazole) Methods: We evaluated if oxidative stress, hypoxia as well as metabolic reprogramming of host L-tryptophan pathway form part of the parasite growth inhibition by imidazoles. Anti-parasite assay was performed for imidazoles at concentrations ranging from 0 to 10 μM, while pyrimethamine was used as reference drug to validate assay. Results: Imidazole compounds restricted parasite growth dose-dependently. However, in the presence of an antioxidant (Trolox), L-tryptophan and/or CoCl2 (chemical inducer of hypoxia), the growth inhibitory efficacy of imidazoles was appreciably abolished. Further, imidazole treatment led to elevated level of reactive oxygen species, while reducing parasite mitochondrial membrane potential compared with control. In contrast, imidazole had no effect on host HIF-1α level suggesting its exclusion in the anti-parasite action. Conclusion: Taken together, imidazole-based compounds might restrict parasite growth by causing oxidative stress. The findings provide new insight on the likely biochemical mechanisms of imidazoles as prospective antiparasite therapy. Data gives new perspective that not only underscores the anti-parasite prospects of imidazoles, but implicates the host L-tryptophan pathway as a feasible treatment option for T. gondii infections.
Antimicrobial Activity of Ficus Leaf Extracts on some Fungal and Bacterial Pathogens of Discorea rotundata from Southwest Nigeria
(Journal of Biological Sciences,, 2011) Olukanni, Olumide
Bio-control methods have become a common practice in horticulture and crop husbandry due to the attendant negative impact of fungicides and other chemical agents on soil, vegetation and environment. Most fungicides accumulate in plant tissues and subsequently trigger carcinogenic effects in animals and humans. The leaf extracts of Ficus thonningii, F. saussureana, F. exasperata and F. sur were screened for antimicrobial properties on eight (8) fungal species which included Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Botryodiploidia theobromae, Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, Penicillium chrysogenum, P. oxalicum and Rhizopus stolonifer and two (2) bacterial species viz; Pseudomonas spp. and Klebsiella spp. which were isolated from the rot portions of tubers of Dioscorea rotundata. The extracts from the Ficus species had low antimicrobial effect at 25 and 50 mg mL-1 concentrations while a significant arrest of mycelia growth was observed at 75 and 100 mg mL-1 concentrations. The presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides in the leaves of these species may have conferred the antimicrobial properties on these species. Application of the fungal pathogens isolated on healthy tubers and the subsequent development of rots confirmed these organisms as the natural pathogens of this crop. The extracts from all the four Ficus species exerted significant antimicrobial effect on all the test organisms at 75 and 100 mg mL-1 concentrations and its application at these concentrations would help to minimise infection and spoilage during and after storage and improve farmers’ revenue.
Antimutagenic Activity of Seeds of Moringa Oleifera,
(CRC Press (Taylor and Francis group), 2021) Olukanni, Olumide
Moringa oleifera has medicinal and nutritional values. This study was aimed at assessing the antimutagenic potential of M. Oleifera seeds. Ethanol was used for the extraction. Chemical analysis was done following standard methods. Antimutagenicity was determined against nitrate treated 1-amino- pyrene in acid solution using the Salmonella assay. Preliminary phytochemical screening of seed extract M. Oleifera revealed tannin, alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid, saponin, cardiac glycoside, anthraquinone, and steroid; phlobatanin was not detected. Tannin was found to be in the highest amount (28.2± 0.63) mg/100g, flavonoid (23.21± 0.44) mg/100g, steroid (20.50± 2.15) mg/100g, alkaloid (18.68 ± 2.15) mg/100g and saponin (15.22 ± 0.63) mg/100g. The extract showed a strong percentage inhibition in both strains at higher doses. The observed antimutagenic effect of the seed extract could be adduced to some phytochemical constituents therein.
Antioxidant and in Vitro Anti-inflammatory Activities of Albizia zygia (DC) JF Mebr and the Evaluation of its Phytochemical Constituents
(Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 2020) Olukanni, Adedayo
Medicinal plants are promising sources of natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents and are readily available for ameliorating the increasing burden of diseases related to oxidative damage and inflammation. In the present study, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of methanol extract of Albizia zygia, which is used traditionally as a therapeutic agent, was investigated. The antioxidant activity was examined using DPPH scavenging, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging. The anti-inflammatory activity was studied in vitro as the inhibition of proteinase and protein denaturation. The functional groups in the plant extract were identified using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the bioactive compounds were determined using Gas Chromatography and Mass spectroscopy (GCMS). The plant extracts demonstrated a positive concentration-dependent antioxidant with IC50 of 152 µg for DPPH, and anti-inflammatory effects with IC 50 of about 48 µg for DPPH for protein denaturation. The results of FTIR confirmed the presence of relevant functional groups, and the GCMS revealed the presence of various compounds like docosanoic acid, methyl stearate, and squalene, which are known to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In conclusion, these results showed that the extracts of Albizia zygia could protect against oxidative stress due to the presence of docosanoic acid, methyl stearate, and squalene present in the leaves.
Antioxidant Defense of zinc acetate Supplementation on the Brain of Protein–undernourished Rats
(International Formulae Group, 2009) Adebayo, Olusegun
The effect of zinc on brain weight, glutathione (GSH) level, catalase activity and lipid peroxidation in the brain of protein-undernourished (PU) rats was investigated following the ad libitum ingestion of zinc acetate (30 mg/L) in drinking water for two weeks. Results show that protein-undernutrition induced significant reductions (P<0.01) in brain weight and catalase activity while it induced a significant increase (P<0.05) in lipid peroxidation when compared with well-nourished rats; but no significant effect was observed on GSH level. The ingestion of zinc acetate, however, by PU rats had no significant effect on brain weight but induced significant increase in catalase activity. There were also reductions (P<0.05) in lipid peroxidation and GSH level. These results show that zinc acts as an antioxidant but is ineffective in ameliorating some of the biochemical changes associated with protein-undernutrition-induced brain damage particularly reduction in brain weight.
Assessment of the Antidiabetic Potential of the Ethanolic Extract of Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera) Seed in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats.
(Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism, 2018-01-19) Abiola, Temitope
Background: Reports exist of the allopathic use of dates as a hypoglycemic, antioxidant and anti-diabetic agent. Date palm seed have also been found to be of nutritional and medicinal value Aim: this study was aimed at evaluating the anti-diabetic potential of the ethanolic extract of date palm seed inalloxan-induced diabetic rats. Methodology: Proximate composition of date palm seed was determined using standard methods. Ethanolicextract of date palm seed was prepared by crude extraction protocol. The total flavonoids, phenolic contents andtotal antioxidant capacity of the seed extract was determined. Also, the scavenging activity of the extract using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO) and the reducing power was also evaluated. Thirty wistar ratswere randomly divided into five groups of six rats each. Group A was the control group, group B received date palmseed extract only (200 mg/kg bw) i.p, group C, D and E were the diabetic groups that received alloxan (150 mg/kgbw) intra peritoneally; group C was the diabetic control group, group D and group E were treated with glibenclamide(5 mg/kg bw) and date palm seed extract (400 mg/kg bw) intraperitoneally for fourteen days. At the end of the experiment, the lipid profile parameters (HDL, LDL, VLDL, cholesterol and triglyceride) levels were determined fromserum samples of the animals. Levels of glucose and antioxidant parameters (SOD, CAT, GSH and MDA) were also analysed from the serum samples of the experimental animals. Results: Results of proximate analysis revealed fiber to be highest (61.75%), carbohydrate (20.95%), fat(8.55%), moisture (3.40%), ash (2.79%) and protein (2.63%). The total flavonoid and phenolic content of date palmseed was found to be 45.28 ± 0.32 mg/100 g and 28.22 ± 0.43 mg/100 g respectively while the total antioxidantcapacity was 30.11 ± 0.21 mg/100 g. There was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the levels of LDL, VLDL,cholesterol, triglyceride and blood glucose with no significant (P>0.05) increase in the HDL of the diabetic treatedgroups as compared to the diabetic control group. A significant (P<0.05) increase was observed in the SOD, CAT,GSH levels while there was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the MDA level of the diabetic group treated with datepalm seed extract as compared to the diabetic control group. Conclusion: This study suggests the anti-diabetic potential of date palm seed extract which might be due to itshypolipidemic, hypoglycemic and antioxidant properties
Assessment of the Antioxidant Status and Selected Electrolytes Level in Some Nigerian Malarial Patients: A Mini Comparative Study.
(Biochemistry and Pharmacology: Open Access, 2018) Abiola, Temitope
Malaria remains an endemic infection which results in nutritional deficiencies. This study was set up to assess the antioxidant capacity and the levels of some selected minerals in the plasma samples of malaria infected individuals. Blood specimens were obtained from ten P. falciparum infected patients and ten healthy individuals using standard clinical procedures. Plasma levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione were determined using standard spectrophotometry methods. Plasma levels of the following electrolytes; calcium, sodium, magnesium and potassium were determined using standard atomic absorption spectrometry methods: Results show that there was a significant (p<0.01) decrease in the plasma levels of SOD, CAT and GSH, calcium, magnesium and sodium of P. falciparum infected individuals as compared to P. falciparum free individuals with no significant (p> 0.01) difference in the serum levels of potassium for both. The presence of malaria parasites (P. falciparum) in blood affects the activities of antioxidant enzymes and micro nutrients in patients.
Assessment of the Prophylactic Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of Momordica charantia Leaves against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Impairment in Wistar Rats.
(Biochemistry and Pharmacology: Open Access, 2017) Abiola, Temitope
Background: Various parts of M. charantia have been reported to possess pharmacological properties againstsome diseases due to its phytochemicals constituents.Aim: This research was aimed at assessing the prophylactic effect of the ethanol extract of M. charantia againstacetaminophen-induced liver damage in Wistar rats.Methodology: A total of sixteen rats were randomly divided into four groups with four rats in each group. Theexperiment spanned through fourteen days. Group 1 served as the control, group 2 received 1500 mg/kg per bodyweight (pbw) of acetaminophen orally throughout, group 3 received 250 mg/kg (pbw) of extract throughout whilegroup 4 received 250 mg/kg (pbw) of extract for six days and thereafter was given 1500 mg/kg (pbw) acetaminophenorally from day 7 to day 14. The biochemical parameters of liver function- aspartate transaminase (AST), alaninetransaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and protein levels were determined. In addition the followingantioxidant parameters- reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were also measured from theserum of experimental animals. Histopathological changes in the liver were also investigated.Results: Results show that the oral pre-treatment with extract of M. charantia (250 mg/kg body weight) revealedsignificant (P<0.05) reduction of serum activities of ALT, AST and ALP. Also, pre-treatment with the extract caused asignificant (P<0.05) increase in total protein and GSH level with a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the MDAcompared to the control group. Histopathological analysis confirmed the amelioration of liver damage and reducedlaceration caused by acetaminophen.Conclusion: This study substantiates the prophylactic activity of M. charantia leaf ethanol extract against liverimpairment which might be attributed to some of its intrinsic phytochemical constituents which possess anti-oxidantactivities.
Atherogenic Index and Lipid Profiles in Albino Rats fed with Surface Modified Hibiscus Sabdariffa Cellulose
(Elsevier, 2021) Adebayo, Olusegun
Despite the several applications of modified cellulose, there is limited information on their safety, and antidyslipidemic functions, which are the focus of this study. To address this, cellulose isolated from Hibiscus sabdariffa cellulose was surface modified using nitrilotriacetic acid to produce nitrilotriacetic acid modified Hibiscus sabdariffa cellulose (HSNT). It was characterized using Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur/oxygen (CHNS/O) analyzer. The study further investigated the safety of HSNT at the doses of 50, 100, and 150 mg kg−1 body weight in albino rats after a 7-day uninterrupted oral gavage. Histology of cardiac and hepatic tissues was observed, in addition to estimation of clinico-biochemical parameters such as atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), Castelli’s risk index (CRI-1), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG), albumin (ALB), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). FTIR revealed peaks corresponding to the synthesis of HSNT, while XRD showed HSNT to have a crystallinity index of 53.20% with a type I cellulose crystal. HSNT had no significant effect on the absolute heart and liver weights, heart and liver organo-somatic indices, TG, AST, and ALB. Exposure to HSNT-50 caused a significant decrease in AIP levels. However, administration of HSNT-100 and 150 significantly reduced ALT, total cholesterol, and CRI-1 levels but caused a significant elevation in HDL-C levels. Cardiac histology revealed mild inflammatory and fatty infiltration of the myocardium, while the significant indications of the hepatic morphology included congestion of vessels and mild focal periportal infiltration at the HSNT-100 and HSNT-150 doses. Our preliminary data seem to indicate the potential of HSNT modification to resolve blood lipid abnormalities and make a case for an expanded study on its cardio-hepatic effects as well as study to understand the causes of congestion in hepatic vessels.
Atherogenic Index and Lipid Profiles in Albino Rats Fed with Surface Modified Hibiscus sabdariffa Cellulose
(Elsevier, 2021-11) Otuechere, Chiagoziem
Despite the several applications of modified cellulose, there is limited information on their safety, and antidyslipidemic functions, which are the focus of this study. To address this, cellulose isolated from Hibiscus sabdariffa cellulose was surface modified using nitrilotri- acetic acid to produce nitrilotriacetic acid modified Hibiscus sabdariffa cellulose (HSNT). It was characterized using Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur/oxygen (CHNS/O) analyzer. The study further investigated the safety of HSNT at the doses of 50, 100, and 150 mg kg−1 body weight in albino rats after a 7-day uninterrupted oral gavage. Histology of cardiac and hepatic tissues was observed, in addition to estimation of clinico-biochemical parameters such as atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), Castelli’s risk index (CRI-1), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein choles- terol (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG), albumin (ALB), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and ala- nine aminotransferase (ALT). FTIR revealed peaks corresponding to the synthesis of HSNT, while XRD showed HSNT to have a crystallinity index of 53.20% with a type I cellulose crystal. HSNT had no significant effect on the absolute heart and liver weights, heart and liver organo-somatic indices, TG, AST, and ALB. Exposure to HSNT-50 caused a significant decrease in AIP levels. However, administration of HSNT-100 and 150 significantly reduced ALT, total cholesterol, and CRI-1 levels but caused a significant elevation in HDL-C lev- els. Cardiac histology revealed mild inflammatory and fatty infiltration of the myocardium, while the significant indications of the hepatic morphology included congestion of vessels and mild focal periportal infiltration at the HSNT-100 and HSNT-150 doses. Our preliminary data seem to indicate the potential of HSNT modification to resolve blood lipid abnormal- ities and make a case for an expanded study on its cardio-hepatic effects as well as study to understand the causes of congestion in hepatic vessels
Bioactive Components of Ficus exasperata, Moringa oleifera and Jatropha tanjorensis Leaf Extracts and Evaluation of their Antioxidant Properties
(EurAsian Journal of BioSciences, 2019) Avwioroko, Oghenetega
Purpose: This study investigated the phytochemistry and in vitro free radical scavenging activities of aqueous leaf extract of Ficus exasperata (FE), Moringa oleifera (MO) and Jatropha tanjorensis (JT). Methods: Spectrophotometric evaluation was employed in the determination of the total phenols, total flavonoids, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical inhibition, nitric oxide (NO●) radical inhibition, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and total antioxidant capacity (TAOC). Results: Qualitative screening of bioactive compounds confirmed the presence of terpenes, flavonoids and phenols in all extracts amidst other phytochemicals. Total phenols and total flavonoids estimation were highest in Ficus exasperata (96.10 ± 2.70 mg gallic acid equivalent g-1 and 28.45 ± 1.80 mg catechin equivalent g-1, respectively). Moringa oleifera leaf extract exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity against DPPH and NO● radicals, while Jatropha tanjorensis exhibited the highest FRAP and TAOC. Nitric oxide radical inhibition by M. oleifera extract was significantly higher (p<0.05) at 7.0 mg mL-1 (64.7 ± 0.32%). The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of the plant leaves for FRAP and TAOC were in the order JT < MO < FE, whereas for DPPH and NO● scavenging activities the IC50 values were in the order MO < JT < FE. Conclusions: The findings of this study clearly showed that the antioxidant properties of M. oleifera and J. tanjorensis leaves were higher than those of F. exasperata. The knowledge of the different bioactive components and antioxidant prowess of these medicinal plants could be used as a guide in making the choice of medicinal plant to use for treatment or prophylaxis against cellular aberrations in which oxidative stress is implicated.
Biochemical Changes in the Liver and the Pancreas of Well-fed and Protein Undernourished Rats Following Fluoride Administration
(Science Alert, 2012) Adebayo, Olusegun
The biochemical changes in the liver and the pancreas after exposure to 100 ppm fluoride (NaF) in drinking water for one week on Protein Undernourished (PU) and Well-Fed (WF) rats were investigated. The results show that PU induced significant reductions (p<0.05) in body, liver and pancreatic weights. The ingestion of fluoride by both well-fed and PU rats also caused significant reduction (p<0.05) in the body and liver weights except the weight of the pancreas. Moreover, PU increased the level of MDA in both liver and pancreas and has no significant effect on CAT in the liver whereas, its activity was reduced significantly (p<0.05) in the pancreas. The activity of SOD and GSH level were significantly reduced in the liver of PU rats compared to the control but the activity of SOD was increased in the pancreas while no effect was observed in the level of GSH. In the liver, ingestion of fluoride increased the level of MDA in PU rats but the effect was not significant in well fed rats when compared to their respective controls. In the pancreas however, ingestion of fluoride has no effect on the MDA level of both PU and well-fed rats when compared to their controls. In addition, ingestion of fluoride significantly reduced the activity of CAT in the liver of both PU and well-fed rats while in the pancreas, CAT activity was significantly reduced in PU only when compared to their respective controls. Fluoride did not affect the activity of SOD in both the liver and the pancreas of well-fed rats but there was reduction in the activity of SOD in the pancreas of PU rats and a significant increase (p<0.05) was observed in the liver. In addition, the ingestion of fluoride had no effect on GSH level in both PU and well fed rats in the liver but significant reductions were observed in the pancreas of both PU and well-fed rats when compared to their respective controls. We conclude that fluoride exerts biochemical effect on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes of both PU and well-fed rats. This effect varied widely between the liver and the pancreas but it seems that the liver is more sensitive to the toxic assault of fluoride than the pancreas especially in PU rats.

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