Department of Anatomy

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Acid Buffering Effects of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Ocimum gratissimum L. in the Rabbit Stomach
(2013) Omotoso, Dayo
Background/aims: Although the gastroprotective properties of Ocimum gratissimum L. have been mentioned, the exact mechanism is yet to be explored. Since acid output plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of gastric ulceration, the present study was aimed at investigating the effect of leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum on gastric luminal pH, acid output, parietal cell mass and gastric mucous cell population in rabbits. Materials and Methods: The model of pyloric ligation for acid secretion and ulcer study was employed. Prior to the 4 h ligation, male New Zealand rabbits were treated orally with 75 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg b.w aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum twice daily for three weeks. The antisecretory and antiulcer effect of Ocimum gratissimum was compared with omeprazole (20 mg/kg p.o). Parietal cell mass and gastric mucous cell population were determined in the gastric samples by histometry. Results: Aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum caused significant reduction in ulcer formation, gastric secretion volume and acid output in a dose dependent manner (p<0.05). Percentage inhibition was recorded as 29%, 46.2%, 52.9% for ulcer; and 16.2%, 35.9%, 52.1% for acid output upon pretreatment with 75 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg b.w respectively. Parietal cell mass was also reduced while gastric mucous cell population and luminal pH increased accordingly when compared to the control group. Data were comparable with the antisecretory effect of omeprazole. Conclusion: The results indicate that the anti-secretory activity of Ocimum gratissimum may be the anti-ulcer mechanism of this plant.
Acute Effects of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Aspilia Africana c.d. Adams on some Haematological Parameters in Rats
(African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 2013) Omotoso, Dayo
Several medicinal plants have been documented for their haematological effects either at low or high concentration but very little is known about Aspilia africana. The aim of the study was to investigate the acute effects of aqueous leaf extract of Aspilia africana at different concentrations on some haematological parameters in rats. Following 14 days of oral administration of aqueous extract of A. africana, Haematocrit (HCT), Haemoglobin concentration (HB), Mean Cell Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), Red Blood Cell Count (RBC Count), Total White Blood Cell Count (Total WBC Count), Absolute Neutrophils count (NEUT#), Absolute Lymphocytes count (LYM#), Absolute Eosinophils Count (EOSIN#) and Absolute Monocytes (MONO#) were evaluated in twenty (20) male Wistar albino rats. The rats weighed 174±20g, and were randomly assigned into 4 groups viz: Group 1, Control; Group 2, 250mg/Kg/d aqueous extract; Group 3, 500mg/Kg/d aqueous extract; and Group 4, 750mg/Kg/d aqueous extract. HCT, HB, MCHC, RBC Count, Total WBC Count, NEUT#, LYM#, EOSIN# and MONO# were significantly increased (P<0.001) in 500mg/Kg/d of A. africana extract (61.13±1.65%, 13.5±1.29g/dl, 23.33±0.0.02g/dl, 3.68±0.02 X 1012Cells/l, 2.33±0.02 X 109Cells/l, 1.32±0.04 X 109Cells/l, 1.43±0.05 X 109Cells/l, 0.47±0.02 X 109Cells/l and 0.47±0.04 X 109Cells/l, respectively) when compared to the Control (51.13±0.85%, 9.56±0.43g/dl, 19.22±0.19g/dl, 2.69±0.01 X 1012Cells/l, 1.79±0.01 X 109Cells/l, 0.80±0.00 X 109Cells/l, 0.83±0.00 X 109Cells/l, 0.18±0.00 X 109Cells/l and 0.24±0.00 X 109Cells/l, respectively) which received no extract at all. The 500mg/Kg of A. africana extract proved to be the most effective, while the 750mg/Kg proved to be the least effective in comparison with the control. The results of this study further strengthened the earlier works on the medicinal benefits of Aspilia africana and its virtue as a good pharmacological source of haematopoiesis.
Ameliorative Effects of Ascorbic Acid and Allium sativum (Garlic) Ethanol Extract on Renal Parenchyma of Gentamicin-induced Nephropathic Rats
(Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research, 2020-05) Omotoso, Dayo
To assess ameliorative effects of Ascorbic acid (AA) and Allium sativum ethanol extract (ASEE) on renal parenchyma of gentamicin-induced nephropathic rats. Thirty Wistar rats (weighing between 180-205 g) were randomly divided into five groups (AE). These include Group A administered with 0.9% Normal Saline (0.5 ml/kg body weight (b.w.)), Group B administered with gentamicin (GM, 200 mg/kg b.w.) intraperitoneally (i.p.), Group C administered with GM (200 mg/kg b.w.) i.p. and AA (200 mg/kg b.w.) orally, Group D administered with GM (200 mg/kg b.w.) i.p. and ASEE (200 mg/kg b.w.) orally and Group E administered with GM (200 mg/kg b.w.) i.p. and AA (200 mg/kg b.w.) orally and ASEE (200 mg/kg b.w.) orally. All administrations were done once daily for a period of ten (10) days. The body weight of study animals was recorded at the beginning and end of study period. After the study period, renal tissue of study animals was harvested, weighed, processed, stained using H & E technique. Stained sections were examined under microscope for histopathological changes within the renal parenchyma and were scored using image-J software. The results of this study showed that exposure to GM results into significant (P < 0.05) reduction in body and renal tissue weight. However, therapeutic exposure to AA and ASEE either as individual or combined treatment regimen culminated into relatively null body and renal tissue weight loss among treatment groups C-E. In addition, exposure to GM precipitates prominent histopathological changes within renal parenchyma of study animals. As observed with body and renal tissue weight changes, treatment with AA and ASEE also comparatively ameliorate GM-induced nephropathy within renal parenchyma of study animals in treatment groups. The findings of this study therefore showed that AA and ASEE exhibit ameliorative effect on the renal parenchyma of gentamicin-induced nephropathic rats either as distinct or combined treatment regimen.
Anthropometric Evaluation of Nasal Height, Nasal Breadth and Nasal Index among Bini Children in Southern Nigeria
(2019) Omotoso, Dayo
Background and Objective: The nasal dimensions are important cephalometric parameters used in physical anthropometry to distinguish different gender and groups of human population. It also used to categorize the human nasal morphology into five different morphological categories which include hyperleptorrhine, leptorrhine, mesorrhine, platyrrhine and hyperplatyrrhine. In this anthropometric study, the nasal morphological characteristics of the Bini children in Nigeria were evaluated and the prevalent nasal morphology of the study population determined. Methodology: This study involved randomly selected 500 Bini children (comprising 250 males and 250 females) between ages 5-12 years. The nasal dimensions of each subject were measured between relevant anatomical landmarks. These include the nasal height measured as distance between nasion and subnasale and the nasal breadth measured as distance between the most lateral points of right and left ala of the nose using a sliding caliper. The nasal index for each subject was calculated as nasal breadth divided by nasal height and expressed as percentage. Results: The mean nasal height for male and female Bini children was 4.58± 0.11 and 4.33 ± 0.10 while the mean nasal breadth was 4.05 ± 0.12 and 3.88 ± 0.11 respectively. The mean nasal index for male subjects (90.25 ± 1.33) was also higher than for female subjects (88.65 ± 1.50). The morphological classification showed the platyrrhine nose type as the most prevalent among the male (70.0%) and female (68.0%) Bini children. Conclusion: The nasal dimensions and nasal index demonstrated prominent sexual dimorphism and the dominance of platyrrhine nose type is the current trend in the nasal morphology of Bini children.
Anti-ulcerogenic Activity of Aspilia Africana Leaf Extract: Roles of Gastric Acid, Oxidative Stress and Neutrophil Infiltration
(African Journal of Biomedical Research, 2014-09) Omotoso, Dayo
Aqueous decoction of Aspilia africana C.D Adams (Asteraceae) is an effective antiulcer agent in Southern Nigeria, but little is known about the possible underlying mechanisms. This study investigated the role of gastric acid, neutrophil infiltration and oxidative stress in the anti-ulcerogenic properties of aqueous leaf extract of Aspilia africana (ALEAA) in rats. Male albino rats were treated with 250, 500, 750 mg/kg ALEAA for 21 days. Gastric ulceration was induced by indomethacin, scored, and assayed to determine the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in homogenized samples. Acid output was measured by pyloric ligation method while neutrophil infiltration evaluated by histometry. Indomethacin caused gastric ulcer with an index of 7.50 ± 0.23, increase in MDA concentration and reduction in the concentration SOD and CAT (p<0.05). Pre-treatment with 500 and 750 mg/kg of ALEAA prevented ulcer formation by 45% and 62%, and lipid peroxidation 51% and 57% respectively while SOD and CAT increased in a similar manner. Also, acid output significantly reduced in the 500 and 750 mg/kg ALEAA treated rats by 25% and 36%. Neutrophil infiltration of the ulcerated stomach pretreated with the three doses decreased (21.5 ± 1.40 cells/field, 15.0 ± 2.50 cells/field, and 11.3 ± 1.00 cells/field versus 42.7 ± 5.50 cells/field). Aspilia africana enhanced gastroprotection via reduction of acid output, neutrophil infiltration and oxidative stress.
Assessment of Gastroprotective Activity of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Ageratum conyzoides L.: Role of Mucous Cells, Anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) and Tumor Suppressor (p53) Proteins
(2022) Omotoso, Dayo
Introduction: Generally, factors that up-regulate gastric mucosal protective factors or downregulate aggressive factors contribute to the maintenance of mucosal integrity. This study was done to assess the role of mucous cells, Bcl-2 and p53 proteins during the gastroprotective activity of aqueous extract of Ageratum conyzoides. Methods: The phytochemistry of A. conyzoides extract was analyzed using a gas chromatographymass spectrometer. Animals were subdivided into five groups, including non-treated normal control group A, non-treated test control group B, and treated groups C-E (Pre-treated with 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg A. conyzoides, respectively for 28 days). After the treatment period, pyloric-ligation was used to induce mucosal injury. Gastric tissues were harvested, grossly examined, and processed for histological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical studies. Stained sections were examined and quantified using image-J software. The data were analyzed using IBM-SPSS (version 23), and comparisons were checked via t test and analysis of variance. Results: Mild mucosal erosion was observed in the treated groups, but intense erosion was prominent in the test control animals. There was an insignificant increase in mucous cells, a significant (P < 0.05) increase in Bcl-2 expression without a significant increase in p53 expression in gastric mucosa of pre-treated animals compared to normal control. Gastric mucosa of test control showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mucous cell count and Bcl-2 expression with a significant concomitant increase in p53 expression. Conclusion: Increased mucous cell population and reciprocal expressions of Bcl-2 and p53 proteins in the gastric mucosa of animals highlighted the sub-cellular mechanisms of gastroprotective activity of A. conyzoides.
Assessment of the Antiproliferative Potential of Cissampelos owariensis (P. Beauv) Methanolic Extract in Wistar Rats.
(Journal of Phytology, 2021-12) Omotoso, Dayo
Cissampelos owariensis is a medicinal plant with a wide range of therapeutic uses. In this study, the objective was to further assess its antiproliferative potential using cell proliferation and tumor suppressor markers. Solvent extraction of the plant leaves was done using methanol. Twenty (20) male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups 1–4 (n=5) and respectively administered with methanolic extracts of C. owariensis at 0, 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg for 30 days. After treatment, the hepatic tissues were processed and examined histologically and immunohistochemically for cell proliferation (Ki-67) and tumor suppressor (p53) proteins. Immunoexpression of the proteins was quantified using image-J software, the data analyzed with SPSS version 20 and values compared using t-test and one-way analysis of variance. The histological results showed no significant variation in hepatic histomorphology of treated Groups 2–4 relative to non-treated Group 1. However, the immunohisto chemical results showed significant (p< 0.05) downregulation in Ki-67 protein expression and a concomitant significant (p< 0.05) up-regulation in p53 protein expression in hepatic tissues of treated Groups 2–4 relative to non-treated Group 1.These inverse expression patterns of cell proliferation and tumor suppressor proteins following exposure to methanolic extracts of C. owariensis may suggest the antiproliferative potential of the plant extracts.
Basic Principles of Fluorescence Microscopy
(World J Young Researchers, 2013) Omotoso, Dayo
Fluorescence microscopy is a basic requirement in cell biology , molecular biology and biotechnology . Advancements over the years has helped scientist to trace molecules in live cells and understand the basis of cell metabolism, exchange, mutation and toxicity. In this short communication we seek to explain in simple terms the basic principles of how a fluorescence microscope works. The principles of excitation and emission focuses on the ability of fluorophores to absorb energy from photons and to emit such absorbed energy. The difference between the chemical structures of these fluorephores determines how much energy that is required to excite them and how long a fluorescence signal from a fluorophore will last. The principles of epi-illumination on the other hand describe the arrangement and function of the various components of a fluorescence microscope.
Comparative Amelioration of Renal Histomorphology by Ascorbic Acid and Camellia sinensis Extract in Wistar Rats Exposed to Lead-Induced Nephropathy
(Annals of Medical Research, 2020) Omotoso, Dayo
To compare the ameliorative effects of ascorbic acid and Camellia sinensis extract on renal histomorphology of lead-induced nephropathic rats. Material and methods: Twenty four rats were randomly grouped into four groups (I–IV) as follows: Normal control group I administered distilled water (5 ml/kg), Test control group II administered lead acetate (2 mg/ml), Treated group III administered lead acetate (2 mg/ml) + ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg), Treated group IV administered lead acetate (2 mg/ml) + Camellia sinensis extract (10 mg/kg). All administrations were done through oral route and lasted for 30 days. Results: Body and renal tissue weight of study animals were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in test control relative to normal control while treated groups showed non-significant reduction. Histological examination of renal tissue showed significant prominence of histopathological features such as inflammation, necrosis and glomerular congestion in test control group while treated groups showed marked reduction. According to the findings of this study, treatment with ascorbic acid or Camellia sinensis extract comparatively exert ameliorative effects on lead-induced nephropathy in Wistar rats which in turn culminates into reparative influence on their renal histomorphology.
Comparative Assessment of Cephalic Index among Bini and Igbo Tribes in Benin City, Nigeria
(2019) Omotoso, Dayo
Background and Objective: In cephalometry, parameters like the head length, head width and cephalic index are very important in the description of human morphology, variation in different gender and races of human population and making comparison between healthy individuals and clinical patients. Furthermore, they can also be used to categorize human head morphology into different types and to make comparative study of different human populations. This comparative study was carried out to describe the cranial morphology among adolescent and young adult individuals of Bini and Igbo ethnic groups in Nigeria. Methodology: This study involved 260 Bini and 245 Igbo subjects between ages 11 – 25 years. The head length of each subject was measured between the glabella and inion while the head breadth measured between the parietal prominences using spreading and sliding calipers. The cephalic index of each subject was calculated as the ratio of the head breadth to it length expressed as a percentage Results: The mean cephalic indices among the two tribes were higher in males than in females in all the age groups studied. With increasing age, the cephalic index value decreases among the Bini tribe but increases among the Igbo tribe. Based on the morphological classification of the cephalic index values, the brachycephalic head type was the most prevalent among both Bini (55.4%) and Igbo (66.9) tribes while the least common head type among the Bini and Igbo tribes were hyperbrachycephalic (8.1%) and dolicephalic (0.4%) respectively. Conclusion: The cephalic index demonstrated inter-tribal variation, prominent intra-tribal sexual dimorphism and brachycephalization is the dominant trend in cranial morphology of both Bini and Igbo tribes in Nigeria.
Gross and Histo-Morphological Study of Anti-Ulcerogenic Effects of Cissampelos owariensis (P. Beauv.) Methanolic Extract in Wistar Rats
(2019) Omotoso, Dayo
Cissampelos owariensis is a tropical medicinal plant widely applied for diverse therapeutic uses such as the treatment of circulatory, reproductive and gastrointestinal conditions. In this study, the gastroprotective activity of methanolic leaf extracts of C. owariensis against prolonged exposure to acidic gastric acid was assessed in male Wistar rats. This study involved 25 male Wistar rats (180-200 g) divided into five groups (n=5) A-E. Groups A and B were used as normal and test controls given distilled water while groups C-E were respectively administered with methanolic extracts of C. owariensis at dosage of 100 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively. The mode of administration was oral and study period was 21 days. Afterward, gastric mucosal injury was induced in groups B-E animals via pyloric ligation method. Macroscopic and microscopic examinations of gastric tissues were done to ascertain the degrees of gastric mucosal protection or erosion using gross photographic and histological staining techniques. The gross appearance of internal aspect of gastric tissues showed mildly eroded mucosal surface in treated groups B-D but intense erosion was observed in test control group E. Consequently, the ulcer index moderately increased in treated groups but significantly increased (p<0.01) in test control group E. Similarly for histological results, the treated groups B-D showed mild or focal mucosal surface erosion compared to intense erosion observed in test control group E. This study thereby indicated that prior treatment with methanolic extracts of C. owariensis can stimulate anti-ulcer effects against gastric mucosal offensive factor such as acidic gastric secretions. This anti-ulcerogenic effect of methanolic extracts of C. owariensis can be associated with the antioxidant properties of its constituent phytochemical compounds.
Histopathological Changes in Gastrointestinal Tissues of Wistar Rats administered with Methanolic Leaf Extract of Caladium bicolor (Araceae)
(European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2020-08) Omotoso, Dayo
To assess the effect of methanolic leaf extract of Caladium bicolor on the histomorphology of gastrointestinal tissues of experimental animals. Twenty four Wistar rats (weighing between 175-190 g) were randomly and equally divided into four groups which include one control group (CG) and three treatment groups (TG I, TG II and TG III). The CG was administered with distilled water [2 ml/kg body weight (b.w.)] while TGs I, II and III were administered with 100 ml/kg, 200 ml/kg and 300 ml/kg (b.w.) of C. bicolor extract respectively. All administrations were done orally and once daily for a period of thirty days. The body weight of all animals was recorded at the beginning and end of study. After the period of study, gastric and small intestinal tissues of experimental animals were harvested, processed, converted to tissue blocks and sectioned. Tissue sections were stained using Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) technique. Thereafter, stained sections microscopically examined for observable histopathological changes within study tissues. The results of this study showed that exposure to C. bicolor extract causes significant (p < 0.05) body weight loss in TGs I-III compared to CG. In addition, prominent histopathological changes were observed in gastrointestinal tissues of experimental animals in TGs I-III including gastric mucosal surface erosion and intestinal villi degeneration compared to normal gastrointestinal histomorphology of CG animals. These histopathological changes may be associated with toxic effect of phytochemicals constituents of the extract. Therefore, its application for therapeutic purposes needs to be thoroughly re-validated or perhaps disallowed where alternative therapeutic agents with minimal toxic potential exist.
Localised Streptozotocin-Induced Structural and Cognitive Changes in the Hippocampal Cornu Ammonis 1 (CA-1) Neurons and Mitigating Effects of Zingiber Officinale
(Elsevier, 2022) Omotoso, Dayo
Background: The study was done to establish the neurotoxic effect of intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (ICV STZ)-induced brain insulin resistance, and also considered Zingiber officinale (Z. officinale) mechanism of action in ameliorating behavioural, molecular and histopathological changes associated with ICV STZ-induced brain insulin resistance in Wistar rat model. Method: 32 male Wistar rats weighing between 160 and 200 g were grouped into 4 (n =8) labelled A-D and housed in standard seized home plastic cages at 23 ±1 ◦C. Group-A (control) received a single ICV injection of normal saline, Group-B received 300 mg/kg of Z. officinale, Group-C received single dose of ICV STZ at 3 mg/kg and Group-D received single dose of ICV STZ at 3 mg/kg with 300 mg/kg/ of Z. officinale. Administration of Z. officinale extract was done orally and for 21 consecutive days. Values were represented in graphs and table, and analysed using GraphPad Prism 6.0 software. Results: Organ weight revealed a drastic loss, which was not significant following 3 mg/kg of ICV STZ. Also, ICV STZ significant reduced and increased rat performance in open arm entry (OAE) and closed arm duration (CAD) respectively, with an obvious insignificant reduction of rat spontaneous alterations (SA) performance as well as the relative expression of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) gene in the brain when compared with control and other groups. The relative expression of Beta-secretase 1 (BACE-1) and glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta (GSK 3β) gene significantly increased in ICV STZ treated rats. Furthermore, photomicrographs revealed scattered layers of pyramidal cells, with chromatolysed and degenerating neurons in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA-1) region of the hippocampus. Similarly, accumulation of amyloid-beta was seen in the CA-1 region, which correlates the loss of neuronal cells and neurobehavioural deficit. Conclusion: However, Z. officinale was capable of mitigating this effect by enhancing the antioxidant defense system, which possibly inhibited the activities of free radical or reactive oxygen generation and subsequently suppressed GSK 3β and BACE-1 gene expression.
Morphological Evaluation and Clinical Significance of Proximal Femoral Dimensions among Southern Nigerian Population
(International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2020-12) Omotoso, Dayo
Background: Anthropometric studies are vital in evaluation and description of morphological characteristics of body tissues of living individuals or dead remains. This study was done to evaluate proximal femoral dimensions and to describe sexual or bilateral dimorphism among Southern Nigerians. Methods: This study involved 500 pelvic radiographs showing proximal aspects of right and left femurs of Southern Nigerians (including 250 males and 250 females) between ages 25 to 55 years. Measurements taken on radiographs include transverse diameter and vertical diameter of femoral head, neck diameter (ND), neck length (NL) and proximal shaft diameter. Bilateral measurements were recorded and average values evaluated. Data were analyzed using IBM-statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) (version 20) and statistical comparison was done using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with p<0.05 regarded as statistically significant level. Results: Proximal femoral dimensions showed non-significant bilateral differences with right side having higher values in all parameters except NL in males and ND in females. Also, mean values for TD (5.39±0.25 and 4.28±0.21), VD (5.01±0.21 and 4.58±0.19), ND (4.03±0.22 and 3.61±0.18), NL (2.08±0.11 and 1.79±0.10) for male and females subjects respectively showed sexual dimorphism in all parameters with males having significantly (p<0.05) higher values than females. Conclusions: The femur is an important bone in human body that plays crucial morphological and physiological role and offers prominent anthropometric value.
Morphological Evaluation of the Humeral Length and Application as Indicator of Sexual Dimorphism among Southern Nigerian Children
(International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2020-08) Omotoso, Dayo
Background: This study was carried out to evaluate humeral length among children in Southern Nigeria and to describe its sexual dimorphism among study population. Methods: This study involved 450 children (230 males and 220 females) between 3-14 years old in Southern Nigerian. The humeral length was measured as distance between lateral epicondyle distally palpated when elbow was flexed to 90 degrees and acromion proximally palpated lateral end of clavicle. Definitive right and left humeral lengths (RHL and LHL) were derived by subtracting 2.5 mm from measured length. Average values of RHL and LHL were evaluated as morphological humeral length (MHL) for each subject. Data were analyzed using IBM-SPSS version 20 and statistical comparisons done using t-test with p < 0.05 regarded as level of significant difference. Results: In all age groups, non-significant bilateral variation was observed with the RHL higher than the LHL among both male and female subjects. In addition, the results showed significant (p<0.05) sexual dimorphism in all age groups with mean±SEM of MHL among 3-6 years old higher in females (19.45±0.81) than in males (18.63±0.83). However, the reverse was observed among higher age groups with mean±SEM of MHL in 7-10- and 11-14-years old males (24.43±0.95 and 28.75±0.94) significantly higher than in 7-10 years old and 11-14 years old females (22.85±0.91 and 26.73±0.84) respectively. Conclusions: Based on findings of this study, humeral morphometrics particularly the humeral length can be applied as a significant indicator of sexual dimorphism among the study population.
Morphometric Study of Cephalo-Facial Indices among Bini Children in Southern Nigeria
(2019) Omotoso, Dayo
Cephalometry is an important branch of anthropometry which involves the morphological study of structures present in the human head or scientific measurement of the dimensions of the head. Some of the most important cephalometric parameters include the length/height and breadth/width of the head, the face and the nose as well as their respective indices. These cephalometric parameters are vital in the description of variation which is a common phenomenon that characterizes human physiognomy. They are also useful in the description of human inter-racial and intra-racial similarities both within and across gender. This study involved 450 Bini children (235 males and 215 females) between ages 5-12 years. The length and width of the head and face of each subject was measured between the appropriate anatomical landmarks using spreading and sliding calipers. The measurements were used to calculate the cephalic and facial indices for each subject. The result showed sexual variation in both cephalic and facial indices among the Bini children with the males having higher values than the females. Also, the result of this study showed that prevalence of brachycephalic head type among both male (51.1%) and female (49.8%) Bini children. The mesoproscopic face type was the most prevalent face type among both male (62.6%) and female (47.4%) Bini children. The cephalo-facial indices are vital in demonstrating similarity and variation in physical morphologies of individuals or group of people of different ethnicity, races, gender and geographical locations.
Nasofacial Anthropometry of Adult Bini Tribe In Nigeria
(2011) Omotoso, Dayo
Variation is a common phenomenon in the physiognomy of humans. Therefore, physical anthropometry provides the techniques to assess human body dimensions and to describe morphological variations that exist among different human population. This study was conducted to describe the physical morphometric characteristics of face and nose of the Bini tribe in Nigeria. It involved 450 Bini subjects (230 males and 220 females) aged between 16 to 35 years. The results showed sexual dimorphism in all the dimensions of face and nose studied with the males having higher mean values than the females. The mean facial and nasal indices was 86.93 and 97.32 respectively. This implied the prevalence of mesoproscopic face type and platyrrhine nose type among the Bini tribe in Nigeria. This study showed age and gender as important factors in the description of human physiognomy.
Nasofacial Indices among Children in Southern Nigeria
(2012) Omotoso, Dayo
The facial and nasal indices are among the most important cephalometric parameters useful in inter- racial and intra- racial morphological classification and categorization. They are useful in the description of the facial and nasal morphological characteristics of human population in different geographical location. This study was carried out to describe the naso- facial morphology of children in the Southern part of Nigeria. Four hundred and eighty children aged 5 to 15 years were randomly selected to represent the larger population. The mean facial index for the male and female children was 87.15 ± 1.70 and 86.25 ± 1.70 respectively. The mean nasal index for the male and female children was 93.45 ± 1.66 and 89.62 ± 1.58 respectively. The nasal index value showed significant sexual variation with the male subjects having higher values than female subjects but the facial index values was not significantly different across gender. This study showed the prevalence of the mesoproscopic face type and the platyrrhine nose type among the children of Southern Nigeria
Nephroprotective Effect of Cissampelos owariensis Extract on Renal Histomorphology of Wistar Rats during Exposure to Carbon Tetrachloride- induced Nephropathy
(SDI, 2019) Omotoso, Dayo
To assess nephroprotective potency of methanolic extract of C. owariensis on renal histomorphology of Wistar rats during exposure to nephropathic activity of CCl4. Twenty eight (28) albino Wistar rats divided into four groups which include normal control group administered with vehicles -distilled water (1 ml/kg b.w.) and olive oil (3 ml/kg b.w.), experimental control group administered with CCl4 (3 ml/kg b.w.) twice a week, first treatment group administered with CCl4 (3 ml/kg b.w.) twice a week + methanolic extract of C. owariensis (100 mg/kg b.w.) daily and second treatment group administered with CCl4 (3 ml/kg b.w.) twice a week + methanolic extract of C. owariensis (300 mg/kg b.w.) daily for twenty eight (28) days. Phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract of C. owariensis was carried out using GC-MS. The body weight of study animals was measure at days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 of study. Then, kidney tissue of study animals was collected, weighed and processed for histopathological study. Tissue sections were stained using H & E, examined under microscope, photomicrographs were generated and observable histopathological changes were quantified using image-J software. Phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract of C. owariensis showed abundance of phenolic compounds which may in turn confer antioxidant property on the extract. Results of this study also showed that treatment with extract helped to reduce body and tissue weight loss that follows exposure to CCl4. Also, treatment with the extract helped to reduce significantly (p < 0.05) renal histopathological changes following exposure to CCl4. The methanolic extract of C. owariensis contains abundant phenolic compounds which confer antioxidant property that in turn mediate the nephroprotective potency of the extract against nephropathic effect of CCl4.
Neuroprotective Properties of NMDA R1 Antagonist (Ketamine) in Cyanide Treated Neuronsin vitro
(SDI, 2012) Omotoso, Dayo
Aims:This study aims at investigating possible means of reducing cyanide toxicity by blocking NMDA R1 via ketamine (an NMDA R1 antagonist). This is to provide a template for quick arrest of cyanide toxicity in neurons under oxygen deprived condition. Place and Duration of Study:Bingham University, Department of Anatomy, Karu, Nigeria. The duration of the study was100 minutes. Methodology:Freshly harvested cortical tissue blocks were perfused in accessory cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) containing all the necessary salts and glucose. The cultures were treated with ACSF (Control), ACSF+KCN (potassium cyanide), ACSF+KCN+Ketamine and ACSF+Ketamine for a total duration of 100 minutes at 37ºC. Results:The Ketamine hada protective and reversal effects on the tissues both for oxygen deprivation and cyanide toxicity, The cells in tissues treated with ACSF+KCN+Ketamine showed normal appearance of cell body and axonal projections, the cells treated with ACSF+Ketamine showed fewer degenerating cells compared to those treated with cyanide. Conclusion:Ketamine, an NMDA R1 antagonist is neuroprotective against the toxicity of cyanide.

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