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Assessment of Nutritional Contents of Gari Obtained from Different Markets in Southwest Nigeria
(2025) Adeniji, Paulina Olufunke
Gari, a fermented cassava-based staple food, is widely consumed across various socioeconomic groups in Nigeria and West Africa. Its production involves several processing steps, including peeling, grating, fermentation, pressing, and frying. This study was designed to comprehensively evaluate the nutritional quality and residual cyanogenic potential of Gari samples. The Gari samples were purchased from 3 randomly selected vendors at nine different popular markets in Osun and Oyo States. Proximate Composition of the Gari samples was determined using the Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. The level of significance difference was set at P<0.05. The moisture content of the Gari samples ranged from 6.80g - 7.43g/100g, protein content (0.20g to 0.89g/100g), fat content (0.16g to 0.86g/100g), crude fiber (1.20g to 3.19g/100g), and ash (0.89g - 1.64g/100g). Amylose content ranged from 19.73g to 25.95g/100g, while starch content ranged from 52.26g to 78.87g/100g. Also, cyanide levels varied from 0.48 to 1.29 mg/100g, with most samples falling below the FAO/WHO permissible limit of 10 mg HCN/kg. Lead, copper, nickel, and cadmium levels ranged from 0.009-0.042, 1.28-5.06, 2.42-6.84, and 0.288-0.588 mg/kg, respectively, and were within the recommended safety limits. All the Gari samples used in this study contained both macronutrients and micronutrients of good significant values. These values are within the Codex Alimentarius Commission’s tolerable limits in food samples, making the Gari samples safe for consumption.
Assessment of Liver Enzymes in Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Ikere-Ekiti
(2022-10-19) Omon Emmanuel Akokhamen
Pregnancy is a physiological condition which brings about changes in different systems of the body to support the growing foetus in the uterus. This study was designed to evaluate some of the liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP and GGT) activities in the different trimesters of pregnancy. A total of 120 subjects consisting of ninety [90] pregnant women at different trimesters thirty [30] and apparently healthy non-pregnant women (control) in Ikere-Ekiti [30] were recruited for this study. Blood samples were collected from the subjects after obtaining their consents. Liver function enzymes assay were determined using kinetic methods. Data analysis was done using SPSS computer software version 21.0 and results were presented in tables and figures as mean ± standard deviation. The result showed that the mean AST of nonpregnant women (control), pregnant women in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimesters were 3.44±1.88, 12.60±5.34, 10.20±4.93 and 8.67±3.37 (IU/L) respectively. The mean ALT of non-pregnant women (control), pregnant women in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimesters were 3.27±1.75, 14.56±8.71, 11.46±6.08 and 9.33±6.34 (IU/L) respectively. The mean GGT of nonpregnant women (control), pregnant women in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimesters was 3.60±1.88, 15.14±9.11, 13.22±5.27 and 10.35±7.19 (IU/L) respectively. The mean ALP of non-pregnant women (control), pregnant women in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimesters was 24.63±10.84, 58.73±24.71, 69.55±25.13 and 82.31±35.69 (IU/L) respectively. The study concludes that there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the mean ALT, AST and GGT of pregnant women (subjects) in the three trimesters compared to non-pregnant women (control). However, there was significant difference (p<0.05) in the ALP of pregnant women in the 3rd trimester compared to non-pregnant women (control). Liver function tests are important biomedical indicators that reflect any changes in an adult person, and should be routinely investigated during pregnancy to outline any pathologic changes.
TOTAL PROTEIN, ALBUMIN AND SERUM PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS PATTERN OF ALCOHOLICS IN IKERE-EKITI, EKITI STATE
(2023-10-28) Omon Emmanuel Akokhamen
Plasma proteins such as albumin are indispensible in maintaining numerous essential roles of living cells. This objective of this study was to determine the total serum protein, albumin and serum protein electrophoresis pattern of alcoholics. One hundred samples comprising sixty (60) subjects (alcohol users) and forty controls (non-alcohol users) were recruited for this study. Total protein and albumin were determined using spectrophotometric methods and protein electrophoresis respectively. The results were presented in tables and chat as mean ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis was done using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student’s t-test using IBM SPSS version 24.0. A p-values of <0.05 was considered significant. The results obtained showed that the mean value of total protein in subjects and control was 50.22±8.44 g/L and 74.38±8.12 g/L, albumin was 30.89±5.05 g/L and 45.13±5.18 g/L, globulin was 19.33±6.11 g/L and 29.25±5.36 g/L, while albumin/globulin ratio was 1.6 and 1.54 respectively. Statistically, total protein, albumin and globulin were significantly lower (p<0.05) in subjects compared with control group. This study concludes that alcohol consumption significantly reduced the level of total protein, albumin and globulins. The combination of these parameters in combinations may be a useful indicator for identification and determination of severity of alcoholic liver diseases. Regular screening exercise of alcoholics should be carried out to detect individuals at risk of hepatic dysfunction.
Auto-Immune Cardiac Degeneration as a Complication of Essential Hypertension
(2024-02) Omon Emmanuel Akokhamen
Essential hypertension is persistent high blood pressure in the systemic arteries with no identifiable secondary cause. The study was designed to assess auto-immune cardiac degeneration in essential hypertensive patients in Ekiti State. The study included 40 subjects with no history of hypertension (control), 40 hypertensive subjects undergoing treatment and 40 hypertensive subjects without treatment. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) readings were taken using digital sphygmomanometer, Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) was measured using spectrophotometer, Cardiac Troponin (CTnI) and Anti-mitochondrial antibody M7 (AMA-M7) were estimated using ELISA. Results obtained were expressed as mean ± SD and statistical analysis was done using SPSS. Values were statistically significant at p<0.05. The results obtained showed that BMI and DBP of treated hypertensive patient was insignificant when compared with control subjects (p>0.05), whereas SBP, AST, AMA-M7 and CTnI were significantly higher (p<0.05) in treated hypertensive patients compared with the control subjects. Similarly, BMI, SBP, DBP, AMA M7, AST and CTnI of untreated hypertensive patient were significantly higher (p<0.05) compared with non-hypertensive subjects (control). Furthermore, BMI, SBP, DBP, AMA-M7, AST and CTnI were significantly lower (p<0.05) in treated hypertensive patient compared with untreated hypertensive subjects. In conclusion, AMA-M7 is more sensitive marker in detecting auto-immune cardiac degeneration faster than the routine serum AST and Cardiac Troponin I in indicating the functional state of the heart. Therefore, early detection of auto-immune cardiac degeneration in hypertension subjects is important as there is a link between autoimmunity and hypertension.
Assessment of Oxidative Stress and Protein Modification in Essential Hypertensive Subjects
(2023-10) Omon Emmanuel Akokhamen
Hypertension has been identified to be the leading cause of cardiovascular disease and premature death worldwide due to its numerous comorbidities and associated risk of damage to vital body organs like the brain, heart and kidneys. The aim of this study was to determine the level of protein modifications and oxidative stress of hypertensive patients. One hundred and fourteen (114) participants were recruited for this study comprising 81 subjects with essential hypertension and 33 control (non- hypertensive) subjects. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated, systolic and diastolic blood pressure(SBP and DBP) readings were taken using digital sphygmomanometer, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and carbonyl (CO) group was estimated using ELISA, while protein sulfhydryl (SH) group was estimated using colorimetric assay. The results obtained showed that BMI of treated hypertensive patients was significantly decreased (p<0.0001) compared with control. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was significantly increased when treated patients were compared with control (p<0.0001). GPx and SH groups of treated hypertensive patients was significantly increased (p<0.0001) in treated hypertensive patients as compared to control. The study concludes that protein modification occurs as a result of oxidative stress resulting in reduced levels of glutathione peroxidase which could be a risk factor associated with the development of essential hypertension These findings could help in designing quality diagnostic strategies and effective treatment and management approach for better clinical outcomes.